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A Forager’s Year

No. 113

Velvetleaf

Abutilon theophrasti

butterprint, buttonweed, China jute

Nut & seed seeds (unripe seeds raw; ripe seeds leached and ground into flour)

Drawing: Britton & Brown, Illustrated Flora (1913)

No modern safety review found. No poison-center, veterinary, government or peer-reviewed source that reviews the safety of eating velvetleaf seeds was found; university weed pages only report that the seeds are eaten in China and Kashmir, and Washington’s noxious weed board lists the plant as toxic to livestock without saying why.

Find
Patchy
Effort
Grab & eat
ID risk
Beginner
Origin
non-native
Uses
  • Eat raw / salad
  • Flour

Season

  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec

in season peak

Picking: The rules are unclear. Ask the park. See Where you may pick.

What these mean

Find

1 Everywhere · 2 Common in the right habitat · 3 Patchy · 4 Elusive. This is about how much there is, not whether you may pick it. It is based on iNaturalist sightings within 25 km (about 15 miles) of downtown DC, counted on October 3, 2026. The four rules that each plant’s “Find” reason refers to: (A) the estimate is the confirmed sightings, plus the unconfirmed ones (scaled down where the plant has lookalikes in its genus), plus the sightings marked as planted; (B) the tier by estimate: 1,500 or more is tier 1, 250–1,499 tier 2, 50–249 tier 3, under 50 tier 4; (C) tier 1, Everywhere, also needs a source saying the plant is common in lawns, sidewalks, yards or gardens, vacant lots or towns, or at least one DC street tree of it per km of sidewalk, otherwise it is tier 2; (D) if a reliable source says the plant is rare in this region, or that wild plants rarely bear the harvest, only planted sightings count. iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.

Effort

1 Grab & eat · 2 Quick kitchen prep (under about 30 minutes) · 3 Real work (hours, or cooking needed for safety) · 4 Project (days or equipment). Scored on the simplest worthwhile use; each plant’s page says why.

ID risk

How hard it is to harvest safely. Beginner: no dangerous lookalike, and the edible part is not easily confused with a toxic part. Careful: a toxic lookalike, or toxic parts that end up in the harvest unless removed (for example elderberry stems, unripe ground cherries), or other parts of the plant rated medium-or-higher toxicity, with reliable features to separate them. Expert only: a potentially deadly lookalike that is hard to separate, or (for not-recommended harvests like pokeweed) a plant whose safe preparation can’t be guaranteed. Toxic parts that are obviously separate and thrown away anyway (pits, seeds, skins) don’t raise it; the Toxic parts mark carries that warning.

Native or not, and the invader stars

Origin is where the plant comes from: native, non-native, or mixed (the harvest covers both). The stars rate plants on invasive plant lists: ★★★ Virginia DCR “High” or Maryland prohibited invasive · ★★ Virginia “Medium” · ★ Virginia “Low” · ☆ listed only by the Maryland Invasive Species Council or the Mid-Atlantic Plant Invaders guide (advisory) · no stars: native or not listed.

Seasons

Start, peak and end are given in thirds of a month: early, mid or late. A plant counts as in season for a month if it is in season at any point in that month. Some greens and roots have a second window, in spring or fall; their page shows each window. A season that runs across New Year is shown as one window.

What it looks like

Velvetleaf is an introduced summer annual of the mallow family, usually 2 to 4 feet tall but up to 8 feet, with soft, velvety, heart-shaped leaves and an unpleasant smell when crushed (University of Wisconsin). Orange-yellow, five-petaled flowers grow from the leaf axils in midsummer (University of Wisconsin). Each flower is followed by a distinctive cup-shaped capsule about 1 inch across, a ring of 12 to 15 pointy-tipped segments with crimped sides like the edge of a pie crust (UC IPM; Cornell; University of Wisconsin). The capsules are light green while young and turn brown to black as the seeds ripen (Cornell). The seeds are flattened, kidney- to heart-shaped, gray-brown to black and about 1/8 inch long (UC IPM; Cornell; University of Wisconsin). Young seeds taste similar to sunflower seeds (Eat The Weeds), while ripe seeds are bitter until washed or leached (Purdue Famine Foods).

Safety

No toxicity to people is reported in the sources checked (University of Wisconsin; Cornell; Eat The Weeds; Purdue Famine Foods), and the seeds are eaten as food in China and Kashmir (University of Wisconsin; Cornell). However, the Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board lists velvetleaf as toxic to livestock, without saying which part or what harm, and no other source checked explains this. Ripe seeds are bitter and are washed or leached before use (Eat The Weeds; Purdue Famine Foods). No lookalike is named for the seed capsules: the University of Wisconsin says no other plant there resembles velvetleaf. Cornell says seedlings of common mallow, prickly sida and Venice mallow may be confused with velvetleaf seedlings; their seed leaves are hairless, while velvetleaf’s are covered in fine hairs. Common Sense Home, a homesteading site, warns that some people get an allergic skin reaction from the plant; no extension or medical source checked confirms this. Velvetleaf is a major weed of corn and soybean fields, where it is a target of crop herbicides such as atrazine, glyphosate and 2,4-D (GROW weed fact sheet), so gather it only where you know no herbicide is used.

Lookalikes

  • Common mallow Malva neglecta harmless (may be edible)

    Cornell says common mallow seedlings may sometimes be confused with velvetleaf seedlings; common mallow’s seed leaves are hairless, while velvetleaf’s are covered in fine hairs. NC State says common mallow’s leaves and seeds are edible.

  • Prickly sida Sida spinosa harmless (may be edible)

    Cornell says prickly sida seedlings may sometimes be confused with velvetleaf seedlings; prickly sida’s seed leaves are hairless, while velvetleaf’s are covered in fine hairs. NC State lists no poisonous part of prickly sida.

  • Venice mallow Hibiscus trionum harmless (may be edible)

    Cornell and Iowa State say Venice mallow seedlings can be confused with velvetleaf seedlings; Venice mallow’s seed leaves are hairless and typically rounder and shinier, and its leaves have 3 to 5 lobes. It is not described as dangerous in the sources checked.

Safety marks and flags: what this means

Deadly lookalike / Toxic lookalike: a cited source names a lookalike of that danger, recorded near DC (an iNaturalist sighting within 25 km, a DC street tree, or a Smithsonian listing for DC) and looking like the part you eat. Other lookalikes are still listed, marked “not recorded near DC” or as not looking like the part you eat. Deadly means a source says eating it may be fatal or calls it deadly, or NC State rates it high severity with life-threatening symptoms (sources sometimes disagree; for example Virginia creeper). Each plant’s Lookalikes list says how to tell them apart; “harmless (may be edible)” lookalikes are listed so you know a mix-up isn’t dangerous. Cook first: cooking is needed for safety (for daylilies it is a precaution, not a sourced requirement). Eat in moderation: a source says to limit quantity or frequency (for example oxalates in sorrels and dock, ginkgotoxin, safrole). Spray risk: a source says the plant is commonly treated with herbicide in parks or lawns (invasive control, lawn weeds) or, for ginkgo, sprayed to stop fruiting. Contamination: a source says the plant concentrates pollutants. Each plant’s Safety flags list gives the details and sources.

ID risk
Beginner
Why
No lookalike is named for the seed capsules: the University of Wisconsin says no other plant there resembles velvetleaf, and its cup-shaped ring of 12 to 15 pointy-tipped segments on a tall plant with soft, heart-shaped leaves is distinctive (UC IPM). Common mallow, prickly sida and Venice mallow are confused with velvetleaf only as seedlings, which have hairless seed leaves (Cornell).
Soil risk
low
ID risk: what this means

How hard it is to harvest safely. Beginner: no dangerous lookalike, and the edible part is not easily confused with a toxic part. Careful: a toxic lookalike, or toxic parts that end up in the harvest unless removed (for example elderberry stems, unripe ground cherries), or other parts of the plant rated medium-or-higher toxicity, with reliable features to separate them. Expert only: a potentially deadly lookalike that is hard to separate, or (for not-recommended harvests like pokeweed) a plant whose safe preparation can’t be guaranteed. Toxic parts that are obviously separate and thrown away anyway (pits, seeds, skins) don’t raise it; the Toxic parts mark carries that warning.

Soil risk: what this means

Based on the part you eat, following the urban-soil lead guidance on the Field safety page: higher for greens, shoots and roots; moderate for flowers; low for fruit, nuts and sap.

Field safety for every outing (poison ivy, ticks, soil, and more)

When to pick

Starts
late Jul
Peak
early Aug–late Sep
Ends
mid Nov

Velvetleaf sets seed from late summer until frost kills the plant (Cornell). The capsules are green while the seeds form, the stage eaten raw, and turn brown to black as the seeds ripen (GROW weed fact sheet; Cornell). As the plant dries, it throws ripe seeds a short distance (GROW weed fact sheet), though mature capsules may stay on dead stems through the winter (Cornell). Flowering is given as July through August (UC IPM) or June through October (Oregon Department of Agriculture; Washington State University). In the DC area, iNaturalist sightings marked as fruiting run from July to September, and sightings of the plant taper off in October and November. No DC-area source dates the seeds, so the dates are estimates.

How the dates were worked out

Every start, peak and end was re-checked in October 2026. “Sourced” means a source opened during the check states that timing for the DC or Mid-Atlantic area. “Estimated” means no source states it exactly; the reason, the evidence and the source links are under “How the dates were worked out” on each plant’s page. Peaks are often estimated, because few sources name a peak. iNaturalist evidence means research-grade sightings near DC, by month, of the plant at that stage (for example, in fruit). iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.

Season basis: estimated: start, peak, end

Start

estimated: No source in the DC region dates seed set. July fruiting sightings near DC, July flowering (UC IPM) and seeds forming within about two weeks of flowering (Cornell) point to green seeds from late July; Cornell’s 'late summer' is for New York, farther north.

Peak

estimated: No source names a peak; most DC-area sightings of the plant fall in August and September, when plants carry green and ripening capsules.

End

estimated: No source dates the end for the DC area. Plants die at the first hard frost, and DC-area sightings fall to 5 in November and none in December. Capsules can stay on dead stems through winter (Cornell), but no source says the seeds are still worth gathering then.

Evidence

start: iNaturalist: 5 of the 13 research-grade DC-area sightings marked as fruiting are from July. Cornell (New York): 'Velvetleaf generally does not begin setting seeds until late summer.' UC IPM (California): 'Flowers bloom from July through August.' Cornell: 'A few seeds become viable 12 days after flowering'. | peak: iNaturalist research-grade sightings within 25 km of DC, all stages: Jun 1, Jul 38, Aug 80, Sep 45, Oct 15, Nov 5. Sightings marked as fruiting: Jul 5, Aug 3, Sep 5. | end: Cornell: 'Flowering and seed production continue until frost'; 'Velvetleaf is killed by the first hard frost'; 'Mature capsules may remain on dead stems throughout the winter.' iNaturalist DC-area sightings, all stages: Oct 15, Nov 5, Dec 0.

Where to look

Sunny, recently disturbed ground: garden beds, field edges, vacant lots and waste places. It is logged most along Four Mile Run and at Kenilworth Park (both no picking) and on Kingman and Heritage Islands (no rule found, so treat picking as not allowed); the C&O Canal and Virginia state parks may or may not count its seeds as allowed fruits or nuts (ask the park first), so the sure option is your own garden or private land with the owner’s permission, away from farm fields sprayed with herbicide.

Habitats
disturbed ground & waste places, vacant lots
Habitats: what this means

Listed where the plant’s own sources place it in that habitat. “Disturbed ground & waste places” means a cited source places it on disturbed areas, sites, soil or ground, on waste places or waste ground, on construction or abandoned building sites (old home sites count), on rubble or in strip mines. When the source gives examples of the disturbed places, at least one example must be of that kind. Examples that do not count: natural or forestry disturbance (treefall gaps, fire, windthrow, flood scour, old riverbanks and creeks, clear-cuts); roadsides, railroads and rights-of-way; and abandoned fields, pastures and farmland, which are “Old fields & meadows”. “Vacant lots” only where a source says vacant or empty lots.

Most-logged places

None of the most-logged places allows picking.

Ask first: rules unclear or not checked

  • Kingman & Heritage Islands

    4 sightings · Legal to pick: unknown · see them on iNaturalist

    No DC rule found that allows or bans picking; treat as not authorized and never damage plants (DC Code 22-3310).

No picking here (4 places)
  • Four Mile Run stream valley (Arlington/Alexandria)

    5 sightings · Legal to pick: no · see them on iNaturalist

    Look but don’t pick: Arlington County park rules (flora shall not be removed or disturbed) and Alexandria’s permit rule both apply.

  • Kenilworth Park & Aquatic Gardens

    5 sightings · Legal to pick: no · see them on iNaturalist

    Look but don’t pick: Kenilworth is a NACE site that is not on the compendium’s list of gathering areas.

  • Rock Creek Park

    3 sightings · Legal to pick: no · see them on iNaturalist

    Look but don’t pick: Rock Creek Park’s compendium bans gathering any fruit, nut, berry, seed or greenery.

  • Woodend Nature Sanctuary (Audubon Naturalist Society)

    3 sightings · Legal to pick: no · see them on iNaturalist

    Private property: pick only with the owner’s permission.

Most-logged places: what this means

The places with the most research-grade iNaturalist sightings within 25 km of downtown DC (re-counted in October 2026 over every named place, campuses, condominiums and private grounds included), each marked legal to pick or not. A sighting inside several named places counts once, for the smallest of them, but a sighting inside a National Park Service park never counts for a private, campus or unchecked place. iNaturalist shows where people walk and log plants, not true abundance. Private campuses, condominiums, museums, estates and utility land (Pepco’s power-line land near Sligo Creek) are marked “no” (pick only with the owner’s permission); public university campuses, city parks and other places whose picking rules were not checked (county stormwater land, the U.S. Capitol Grounds, Greenbelt’s North Woods, federal facilities such as the National Zoo) are “unknown”. A place needs at least 2 sightings, so plants with very few sightings have no places. At-risk plants (butternut, nannyberry, American chestnut, ramps, riverbank goldenrod) get places like every other plant; each page says why the plant is at risk and gives any advice its sources give. For some places, mostly Rock Creek Park, the iNaturalist map shows more sightings than the count here, because a map link cannot leave out exactly the sightings credited to another place. iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.

Ways to use it

  • raw green seeds: split open green capsules and eat the soft unripe seeds as a nibble; young seeds taste similar to sunflower seeds (Eat The Weeds; Purdue Famine Foods)
  • flour: wash or leach ripe seeds until they are no longer bitter, dry them and grind them into flour (Eat The Weeds; Purdue Famine Foods)
  • noodles made from the seed flour (Eat The Weeds)
  • harvest green capsules for raw seeds and brown-to-black capsules for ripe seeds, before the drying plant throws its seeds (GROW weed fact sheet; Cornell)

Keeping

Eat green seeds fresh; wash or leach ripe seeds, dry them soon after gathering, and keep the dried seeds or flour airtight in a cool, dark place for up to about a year.

Use within
within a few days
Keeps fresh
Green seeds are eaten fresh from the capsule (Eat The Weeds); no source gives a keeping time for them. Ripe seeds are washed or leached, then dried (Purdue Famine Foods); start drying seeds soon after harvest, usually within 24 hours, at 90-100°F (general guidance for nuts and seeds, WSU).
Keeping basis
general guidance for its type

Ways to keep it

  • Dry as researched: dry/dehydrate; canning: n/a (not shelf-canned)

    Wash or leach ripe seeds until they are no longer bitter, sun-dry them and grind them into flour (Purdue Famine Foods; Eat The Weeds). Store dried food airtight in a cool, dry, dark place; recommended storage times for dried foods are 4 months to 1 year (general guidance for dried foods, NCHFP).

Canning: what this means

Shelf-stable canning, three levels. Lab-tested: a lab-tested recipe from the National Center for Home Food Preservation (NCHFP) or Oregon State covers this fruit and product, or a generic recipe for its kind (the line says so, for example chokeberry). Extension recipe: a published Extension recipe (University of Alaska Fairbanks, written for Alaska species; University of Maine’s dandelion jelly), or a process that is safe only with a pH meter; follow it exactly, never improvise. No tested recipe: refrigerate or freeze, don’t can. “Hot-bottled syrup” = maple and walnut syrup, which keep when bottled hot at full syrup density. The Canning line names the exact product each source covers, for example “whole berries” or “juice”; a product not named there (such as juice from a berry with only a whole-berry recipe) has no tested recipe.

Keeping basis: what this means

“Specific to this plant” or “general guidance for its type” (for example NCHFP guidance for leafy greens applied to a wild green).

Nutrition

Not researched: in October 2026, only the calendar’s plants of the month and chicory leaves were researched.

Native or not

Sources differ on its exact homeland: Iowa State University gives China and India, and the University of Wisconsin gives India and tropical Asia.

Origin
non-native
Native range
Asia (India and China)
Virginia invasive rank
not listed
Maryland invasive status
not listed
Native or not, and the invader stars: what this means

Origin is where the plant comes from: native, non-native, or mixed (the harvest covers both). The stars rate plants on invasive plant lists: ★★★ Virginia DCR “High” or Maryland prohibited invasive · ★★ Virginia “Medium” · ★ Virginia “Low” · ☆ listed only by the Maryland Invasive Species Council or the Mid-Atlantic Plant Invaders guide (advisory) · no stars: native or not listed.

Virginia DCR, Virginia Invasive Plant Species List (effective September 2024), verbatim: "Under the DCR Invasive Species Assessment Protocol, approved by the Virginia Invasive Species Working Group, January 2024, species were ranked as exhibiting high, medium or low levels of invasiveness based on their threat to natural communities and native species. Invasiveness rank is higher for species that: • Alter ecosystem processes, such as succession, hydrology or fire regime. • Are capable of invading undisturbed natural communities. • Cause substantial impacts on rare or vulnerable species or natural communities or high-quality examples of more common communities. • Are found widely distributed and generally abundant where present. • Disperse readily to new areas. • Are difficult to control." The list also states: "The list is for educational purposes only and has no regulatory authority."

Maryland Department of Agriculture, Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant Law and Regulations page, verbatim: "Plants on the Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant List may not be added to stock after the effective date and should not be sold after their phase-out period ends."

No official DC invasive plant list was found.

How the ratings were set

Find
Patchy Estimate 213 = 184 research-grade iNaturalist sightings within 25 km + 25 needs-ID sightings counted in full (velvetleaf is the only Abutilon with research-grade sightings here) + 4 'cultivated' (planted) sightings (rule A); that is tier 3 by count (rule B). Final tier 3.
Effort
Grab & eat Split open green capsules and eat the soft unripe seeds raw as a nibble; making flour from ripe seeds (washing or leaching out the bitterness, drying and grinding) is a 3.
Find: what this means

1 Everywhere · 2 Common in the right habitat · 3 Patchy · 4 Elusive. This is about how much there is, not whether you may pick it. It is based on iNaturalist sightings within 25 km (about 15 miles) of downtown DC, counted on October 3, 2026. The four rules that each plant’s “Find” reason refers to: (A) the estimate is the confirmed sightings, plus the unconfirmed ones (scaled down where the plant has lookalikes in its genus), plus the sightings marked as planted; (B) the tier by estimate: 1,500 or more is tier 1, 250–1,499 tier 2, 50–249 tier 3, under 50 tier 4; (C) tier 1, Everywhere, also needs a source saying the plant is common in lawns, sidewalks, yards or gardens, vacant lots or towns, or at least one DC street tree of it per km of sidewalk, otherwise it is tier 2; (D) if a reliable source says the plant is rare in this region, or that wild plants rarely bear the harvest, only planted sightings count. iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.

Effort: what this means

1 Grab & eat · 2 Quick kitchen prep (under about 30 minutes) · 3 Real work (hours, or cooking needed for safety) · 4 Project (days or equipment). Scored on the simplest worthwhile use; each plant’s page says why.

Sources

30 sources, each linked to the original.

  1. C&O Canal NHP Superintendent’s Compendium, effective September 11, 2026 National Park Service, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal NHPBacks up: picking rules
  2. Rock Creek Park Superintendent’s Compendium National Park ServiceBacks up: picking rules
  3. 4VAC5-30-50. Flowers, plants, minerals, etc. Virginia Law Library (law.lis.virginia.gov)Backs up: picking rules
  4. 36 CFR 2.1 - Preservation of natural, cultural and archeological resources Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School (text of federal regulation)Backs up: picking rules, safety
  5. Velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti University of Wisconsin-Madison Extension (Wisconsin Horticulture)Backs up: description, habitat, safety, picking rules, native or invasive status
  6. Velvetleaf (Weeds Identification Gallery) UC Statewide IPM Program (University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources)Backs up: description, season, habitat
  7. iNaturalist research-grade observations of Abutilon theophrasti within 25 km of downtown DC iNaturalistBacks up: findability
  8. Velvetleaf (weed identification) University of Maryland ExtensionBacks up: habitat
  9. Abutilon theophrasti Medik. (Velvetleaf) Virginia Botanical Associates (Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora)Backs up: habitat
  10. Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Washington-Baltimore Area, Part I (Shetler & Orli, 2000) Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of BotanyBacks up: habitat
  11. Abutilon theophrasti in Rock Creek Park (ROCR) National Park Service (IRMA NPSpecies)Backs up: habitat
  12. USDA PLANTS Database: Abutilon theophrasti (ABTH), native status USDA NRCSBacks up: native or invasive status
  13. Virginia Invasive Plant Species List (effective date: September 2024) Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural HeritageBacks up: native or invasive status
  14. Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant Law and Regulations (Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant List, updated January 2026; additions effective July 15, 2026; 'Next Plants To Be Assessed' 2026-2027) Maryland Department of Agriculture, Plant Protection & Weed ManagementBacks up: native or invasive status
  15. Non-Native Invasive Terrestrial Plant Species in the State of Maryland (updates approved through the April 18, 2024 MISC meeting) Maryland Invasive Species CouncilBacks up: native or invasive status
  16. Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas, Field Guide (Swearingen & Fulton, 2022; successor to the NPS/USFWS 5th ed., 2017) Mid-Atlantic Invasive Plant Council / Passiflora Press (hosted by Bugwood/Mid-Atlantic Invaders Tool)Backs up: native or invasive status
  17. Invasive Plants in the District DC Department of Energy & EnvironmentBacks up: native or invasive status
  18. Velvetleaf (Crop Encyclopedia: native status) Iowa State University Extension and OutreachBacks up: native or invasive status, safety details
  19. Velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti: Identification, Uses, Control Common Sense Home (Laurie Neverman)Backs up: safety
  20. Malva neglecta (Common Mallow) NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxBacks up: safety details
  21. Sida spinosa (Prickly Sida) NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxBacks up: safety details
  22. Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Washington State Noxious Weed Control BoardBacks up: safety, habitat
  23. Velvetleaf (weed profile) Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Weed ScienceBacks up: season, description, uses, safety
  24. Velvetleaf weed profile Oregon Department of Agriculture, Noxious Weed Control ProgramBacks up: season, habitat
  25. Weeds: Velvetleaf Washington State University Extension (HortSense)Backs up: season, habitat
  26. Velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medik. (GROW 2025 fact sheet; Ohio State University, University of Delaware, Virginia Tech) GROW (Getting Rid Of Weeds)Backs up: season, uses, habitat, safety
  27. Food Safety and Preservation: Nuts & Seeds Washington State University Extension, Lewis CountyBacks up: storage, keeping
  28. Packaging and Storing Dried Foods National Center for Home Food Preservation (Univ. of Georgia)Backs up: storage, keeping
  29. Abutilon avicennae (synonym: Abutilon theophrasti) Purdue University Famine FoodsBacks up: uses, description, safety, storage, keeping
  30. Velvet Leaf: Fiber and Food Eat The WeedsBacks up: uses, description, safety, keeping