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A Forager’s Year

No. 153

Nannyberry

Viburnum lentago

sheepberry, sweet viburnum, wild raisin

Fruit ripe drupes

Drawing: Britton & Brown, Illustrated Flora (1913)

Find
Elusive
Effort
Grab & eat
ID risk
Careful
Origin
native
Safety marks
  • Deadly lookalike
  • Toxic lookalike
Uses
  • Eat raw / salad
  • Baking & desserts
  • Jam & jelly
  • Dried fruit & leather

Season

  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec

in season peak

Picking: At least one park allows it, but it is at risk: Nannyberry is ranked S1, critically imperiled, on both Maryland’s (March 2026) and Virginia’s (September 2026) rare plant lists (Maryland Natural Heritage Program; Virginia Natural Heritage Program). See Where you may pick.

What these mean

Find

1 Everywhere · 2 Common in the right habitat · 3 Patchy · 4 Elusive. This is about how much there is, not whether you may pick it. It is based on iNaturalist sightings within 25 km (about 15 miles) of downtown DC, counted on October 3, 2026. The four rules that each plant’s “Find” reason refers to: (A) the estimate is the confirmed sightings, plus the unconfirmed ones (scaled down where the plant has lookalikes in its genus), plus the sightings marked as planted; (B) the tier by estimate: 1,500 or more is tier 1, 250–1,499 tier 2, 50–249 tier 3, under 50 tier 4; (C) tier 1, Everywhere, also needs a source saying the plant is common in lawns, sidewalks, yards or gardens, vacant lots or towns, or at least one DC street tree of it per km of sidewalk, otherwise it is tier 2; (D) if a reliable source says the plant is rare in this region, or that wild plants rarely bear the harvest, only planted sightings count. iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.

Effort

1 Grab & eat · 2 Quick kitchen prep (under about 30 minutes) · 3 Real work (hours, or cooking needed for safety) · 4 Project (days or equipment). Scored on the simplest worthwhile use; each plant’s page says why.

ID risk

How hard it is to harvest safely. Beginner: no dangerous lookalike, and the edible part is not easily confused with a toxic part. Careful: a toxic lookalike, or toxic parts that end up in the harvest unless removed (for example elderberry stems, unripe ground cherries), or other parts of the plant rated medium-or-higher toxicity, with reliable features to separate them. Expert only: a potentially deadly lookalike that is hard to separate, or (for not-recommended harvests like pokeweed) a plant whose safe preparation can’t be guaranteed. Toxic parts that are obviously separate and thrown away anyway (pits, seeds, skins) don’t raise it; the Toxic parts mark carries that warning.

Native or not, and the invader stars

Origin is where the plant comes from: native, non-native, or mixed (the harvest covers both). The stars rate plants on invasive plant lists: ★★★ Virginia DCR “High” or Maryland prohibited invasive · ★★ Virginia “Medium” · ★ Virginia “Low” · ☆ listed only by the Maryland Invasive Species Council or the Mid-Atlantic Plant Invaders guide (advisory) · no stars: native or not listed.

Safety marks and flags

Deadly lookalike / Toxic lookalike: a cited source names a lookalike of that danger, recorded near DC (an iNaturalist sighting within 25 km, a DC street tree, or a Smithsonian listing for DC) and looking like the part you eat. Other lookalikes are still listed, marked “not recorded near DC” or as not looking like the part you eat. Deadly means a source says eating it may be fatal or calls it deadly, or NC State rates it high severity with life-threatening symptoms (sources sometimes disagree; for example Virginia creeper). Each plant’s Lookalikes list says how to tell them apart; “harmless (may be edible)” lookalikes are listed so you know a mix-up isn’t dangerous. Cook first: cooking is needed for safety (for daylilies it is a precaution, not a sourced requirement). Eat in moderation: a source says to limit quantity or frequency (for example oxalates in sorrels and dock, ginkgotoxin, safrole). Spray risk: a source says the plant is commonly treated with herbicide in parks or lawns (invasive control, lawn weeds) or, for ginkgo, sprayed to stop fruiting. Contamination: a source says the plant concentrates pollutants. Each plant’s Safety flags list gives the details and sources.

Seasons

Start, peak and end are given in thirds of a month: early, mid or late. A plant counts as in season for a month if it is in season at any point in that month. Some greens and roots have a second window, in spring or fall; their page shows each window. A season that runs across New Year is shown as one window.

What it looks like

A native shrub or small tree up to about 30 feet tall (Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center), with opposite, finely toothed, glossy leaves 2-4 inches long whose leaf stalks have a wavy, winged edge (NC State; USDA). Flat-topped clusters of creamy white flowers in spring are followed by hanging clusters of oval drupes about 1/2 inch long that change from green to yellow, pink and rose and finally to blue-black, each with a single smooth, nearly flat stone (USDA). The ripe fruit is sweet (USDA); Eat The Weeds calls it pulpy, sweet, juicy and pleasant, and Practical Self Reliance likens the taste to something between a prune and a banana. The name sheepberry comes from the smell of overripe fruit, like wet sheep wool (USDA).

Safety

No toxicity is reported for the fruit in the sources checked (NC State; USDA), and NC State lists the ripe fruit as edible off the bush. Eat it ripe and blue-black (NC State; USDA). Toxic lookalike: the buckthorns (common buckthorn and glossy buckthorn), whose fruits NC State lists as poisonous, causing nausea, vomiting and diarrhea; Practical Self Reliance lists buckthorn under nannyberry look-alikes as a toxic purple-black fruit of late fall and early winter, though its author does not think the two look alike. Buckthorn berries are small and round, black when ripe, with 2-4 seeds in common buckthorn or 1-3 in glossy buckthorn, and common buckthorn has thorny branches (NC State); a nannyberry is an oval drupe about 1/2 inch long with a single smooth, nearly flat stone (USDA), so cut a fruit open and check. Deadly lookalike: the privets (Chinese, border, Japanese, glossy and garden privet), which the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center names as possible lookalikes of blackhaw viburnums. NC State lists privet fruits as poisonous, causing abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, and its Japanese privet page lists death, rarely, among the symptoms. Privet leaves are smooth-edged (Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas; NC State), while a nannyberry’s are finely toothed, with a wavy, winged edge on the leaf stalk (USDA). Unripe pink nannyberries look like highbush cranberries (European cranberrybush and its American variety), which have three-lobed, maple-like leaves and ripen bright red (Practical Self Reliance); NC State lists European cranberrybush drupes as edible but bitter, but a peer-reviewed study says the raw fruits are considered slightly toxic (Protoplasma, 2018), and Eat The Weeds says they must be cooked. Blackhaw and withe-rod (wild raisin) are edible relatives that are easily confused with nannyberry (NC State; Brooklyn Botanic Garden; Maryland Natural Heritage Program).

Lookalikes

Safety marks and flags: what this means

Deadly lookalike / Toxic lookalike: a cited source names a lookalike of that danger, recorded near DC (an iNaturalist sighting within 25 km, a DC street tree, or a Smithsonian listing for DC) and looking like the part you eat. Other lookalikes are still listed, marked “not recorded near DC” or as not looking like the part you eat. Deadly means a source says eating it may be fatal or calls it deadly, or NC State rates it high severity with life-threatening symptoms (sources sometimes disagree; for example Virginia creeper). Each plant’s Lookalikes list says how to tell them apart; “harmless (may be edible)” lookalikes are listed so you know a mix-up isn’t dangerous. Cook first: cooking is needed for safety (for daylilies it is a precaution, not a sourced requirement). Eat in moderation: a source says to limit quantity or frequency (for example oxalates in sorrels and dock, ginkgotoxin, safrole). Spray risk: a source says the plant is commonly treated with herbicide in parks or lawns (invasive control, lawn weeds) or, for ginkgo, sprayed to stop fruiting. Contamination: a source says the plant concentrates pollutants. Each plant’s Safety flags list gives the details and sources.

ID risk
Careful
Why
Privets, whose black to blue-black berries NC State lists as poisonous (rarely fatal for Japanese privet), have smooth-edged leaves (Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas; NC State), while a nannyberry’s are finely toothed with a wavy, winged leaf stalk (USDA). Buckthorn berries, which NC State lists as poisonous, are small round drupes with 2-4 seeds (common buckthorn) or 1-3 seeds (glossy buckthorn), and common buckthorn has thorny branches; a nannyberry is an oval blue-black drupe about 1/2 inch long with one smooth, nearly flat stone, on a shrub whose opposite leaves have wavy, winged leaf stalks (USDA). Highbush cranberries ripen bright red and have three-lobed leaves (Practical Self Reliance).
Soil risk
low
ID risk: what this means

How hard it is to harvest safely. Beginner: no dangerous lookalike, and the edible part is not easily confused with a toxic part. Careful: a toxic lookalike, or toxic parts that end up in the harvest unless removed (for example elderberry stems, unripe ground cherries), or other parts of the plant rated medium-or-higher toxicity, with reliable features to separate them. Expert only: a potentially deadly lookalike that is hard to separate, or (for not-recommended harvests like pokeweed) a plant whose safe preparation can’t be guaranteed. Toxic parts that are obviously separate and thrown away anyway (pits, seeds, skins) don’t raise it; the Toxic parts mark carries that warning.

Soil risk: what this means

Based on the part you eat, following the urban-soil lead guidance on the Field safety page: higher for greens, shoots and roots; moderate for flowers; low for fruit, nuts and sap.

Field safety for every outing (poison ivy, ticks, soil, and more)

When to pick

Starts
early Sep
Peak
early Oct–late Oct
Ends
late Dec

Maryland’s Natural Heritage Program gives the fruiting period of Maryland’s wild plants as September to October. Pick the fruit when it is ripe and blue-black (NC State; USDA). The blue-black berries can persist on the shrub through winter (Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center), though birds and other wildlife eat them then. In Vermont, Practical Self Reliance finds the first ripe berries less sweet than the later ones and waits until whole clusters darken. Too few nannyberries grow near DC to show when they ripen here.

How the dates were worked out

Every start, peak and end was re-checked in October 2026. “Sourced” means a source opened during the check states that timing for the DC or Mid-Atlantic area. “Estimated” means no source states it exactly; the reason, the evidence and the source links are under “How the dates were worked out” on each plant’s page. Peaks are often estimated, because few sources name a peak. iNaturalist evidence means research-grade sightings near DC, by month, of the plant at that stage (for example, in fruit). iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.

Season basis: estimated: peak, end

Start

sourced

Peak

estimated: No source names a peak. October is the later half of Maryland’s September-October fruiting period, when more of each cluster has darkened; there are no DC-area fruiting records to check it against.

End

estimated: Sources say the fruit hangs on through winter but give no end date for the DC area, and wildlife take it during the winter; late December is a cautious end for fruit still worth picking, kept as a tail with the caveat in the notes.

Evidence

start: Maryland DNR Natural Heritage Program, expanded rare plant list (March 2026), Viburnum lentago: 'Flw: mid-May to early Jun; Fr: Sept-Oct.' NC State: Display/Harvest Time 'Fall'. | peak: Maryland DNR: 'Fr: Sept-Oct.' Practical Self Reliance (Vermont): 'Early season nannyberries aren’t very exciting, and they aren’t nearly as sweet or flavorful as the later ones.' | end: Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center: 'blue-black berries which persist through winter' and 'Songbirds, gamebirds, and mammals eat the fruit in winter.' Practical Self Reliance (Vermont): 'After that, they’ll hang on the plants through most of the winter.'

Where to look

Not a native wild plant near DC: the few nannyberries logged here grow in yards, church grounds and public parks, most likely planted, and some reports may be blackhaw or withe-rod instead (Maryland Natural Heritage Program; NC State). The only listed place with more than one sighting is the Four Mile Run stream valley (including Allie S. Freed Park in Arlington), which is look-only, as are Piscataway Park and the county stream-valley parks; the C&O Canal allows edible fruits generally but sets no limit for nannyberry (ambiguous: ask the park), and Virginia state parks allow picking but have no logged nannyberry. So pick only from planted shrubs on private land with the owner’s permission.

Habitats
street & yard trees (planted), old fields & meadows, woods edges, trailsides & thickets, floodplain & stream-valley forest, wetlands, marshes & pond edges
Habitats: what this means

Listed where the plant’s own sources place it in that habitat. “Disturbed ground & waste places” means a cited source places it on disturbed areas, sites, soil or ground, on waste places or waste ground, on construction or abandoned building sites (old home sites count), on rubble or in strip mines. When the source gives examples of the disturbed places, at least one example must be of that kind. Examples that do not count: natural or forestry disturbance (treefall gaps, fire, windthrow, flood scour, old riverbanks and creeks, clear-cuts); roadsides, railroads and rights-of-way; and abandoned fields, pastures and farmland, which are “Old fields & meadows”. “Vacant lots” only where a source says vacant or empty lots.

Most-logged places

None of the most-logged places allows picking.

No picking here (1 place)
  • Four Mile Run stream valley (Arlington/Alexandria)

    2 sightings · Legal to pick: no · see them on iNaturalist

    Look but don’t pick: Arlington County park rules (flora shall not be removed or disturbed) and Alexandria’s permit rule both apply.

Most-logged places: what this means

The places with the most research-grade iNaturalist sightings within 25 km of downtown DC (re-counted in October 2026 over every named place, campuses, condominiums and private grounds included), each marked legal to pick or not. A sighting inside several named places counts once, for the smallest of them, but a sighting inside a National Park Service park never counts for a private, campus or unchecked place. iNaturalist shows where people walk and log plants, not true abundance. Private campuses, condominiums, museums, estates and utility land (Pepco’s power-line land near Sligo Creek) are marked “no” (pick only with the owner’s permission); public university campuses, city parks and other places whose picking rules were not checked (county stormwater land, the U.S. Capitol Grounds, Greenbelt’s North Woods, federal facilities such as the National Zoo) are “unknown”. A place needs at least 2 sightings, so plants with very few sightings have no places. At-risk plants (butternut, nannyberry, American chestnut, ramps, riverbank goldenrod) get places like every other plant; each page says why the plant is at risk and gives any advice its sources give. For some places, mostly Rock Creek Park, the iNaturalist map shows more sightings than the count here, because a map link cannot leave out exactly the sightings credited to another place. iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.

Ways to use it

  • eat raw off the bush when ripe, spitting out the large flat stone (NC State; USDA)
  • jams and jellies (NC State)
  • fruit butter: simmer the berries in water for 20-30 minutes, then press the pulp through a food mill or fine strainer to remove the stones (Practical Self Reliance)
  • eaten raw, made into jam with grapes or small cakes, and dried for later use by Native Americans (Brooklyn Botanic Garden)
  • harvest whole clusters once they have turned blue-black; the first ripe berries are less sweet (Practical Self Reliance)

Keeping

Use within a few days, or cook, sieve out the stones and freeze the pulp.

Use within
within a few days
Keeps fresh
Refrigerate ripe fruit and use it within a few days (general guidance for fresh fruit).
Canning
no tested recipe: refrigerate or freeze, don’t can
Keeping basis
general guidance for its type

Ways to keep it

  • Freeze as researched: freeze pulp; canning: n/a (not shelf-canned)

    Simmer the berries in water, press the pulp through a food mill or fine strainer to remove the stones (Practical Self Reliance), and freeze the purée in containers with room to expand (University of Minnesota; general guidance for fruit purée).

  • Jam/jelly as researched: jam/jelly; canning: no tested recipe — refrigerate or freeze

    NC State lists jams and jellies. No tested canning recipe exists for nannyberry, so refrigerate or freeze them.

Canning: what this means

Shelf-stable canning, three levels. Lab-tested: a lab-tested recipe from the National Center for Home Food Preservation (NCHFP) or Oregon State covers this fruit and product, or a generic recipe for its kind (the line says so, for example chokeberry). Extension recipe: a published Extension recipe (University of Alaska Fairbanks, written for Alaska species; University of Maine’s dandelion jelly), or a process that is safe only with a pH meter; follow it exactly, never improvise. No tested recipe: refrigerate or freeze, don’t can. “Hot-bottled syrup” = maple and walnut syrup, which keep when bottled hot at full syrup density. The Canning line names the exact product each source covers, for example “whole berries” or “juice”; a product not named there (such as juice from a berry with only a whole-berry recipe) has no tested recipe.

Keeping basis: what this means

“Specific to this plant” or “general guidance for its type” (for example NCHFP guidance for leafy greens applied to a wild green).

Nutrition

Not researched: in October 2026, only the calendar’s plants of the month and chicory leaves were researched.

Native or not

Origin
native
Native range
northeastern and midwestern North America
Virginia invasive rank
not listed
Maryland invasive status
not listed
Native or not, and the invader stars: what this means

Origin is where the plant comes from: native, non-native, or mixed (the harvest covers both). The stars rate plants on invasive plant lists: ★★★ Virginia DCR “High” or Maryland prohibited invasive · ★★ Virginia “Medium” · ★ Virginia “Low” · ☆ listed only by the Maryland Invasive Species Council or the Mid-Atlantic Plant Invaders guide (advisory) · no stars: native or not listed.

Virginia DCR, Virginia Invasive Plant Species List (effective September 2024), verbatim: "Under the DCR Invasive Species Assessment Protocol, approved by the Virginia Invasive Species Working Group, January 2024, species were ranked as exhibiting high, medium or low levels of invasiveness based on their threat to natural communities and native species. Invasiveness rank is higher for species that: • Alter ecosystem processes, such as succession, hydrology or fire regime. • Are capable of invading undisturbed natural communities. • Cause substantial impacts on rare or vulnerable species or natural communities or high-quality examples of more common communities. • Are found widely distributed and generally abundant where present. • Disperse readily to new areas. • Are difficult to control." The list also states: "The list is for educational purposes only and has no regulatory authority."

Maryland Department of Agriculture, Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant Law and Regulations page, verbatim: "Plants on the Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant List may not be added to stock after the effective date and should not be sold after their phase-out period ends."

No official DC invasive plant list was found.

How the ratings were set

Find
Elusive Estimate 11 = 6 research-grade iNaturalist sightings within 25 km + 11 needs-ID sightings counted at 0.1% (6 of the 6,242 research-grade Viburnum sightings here are nannyberry) + 5 'cultivated' (planted) sightings (rule A); that is tier 4 by count (rule B). Rule D (scarce here): Maryland’s Natural Heritage Program ranks nannyberry S1, "Critically Imperiled/Highly State Rare", and says "Restricted to Garrett County."; Virginia’s Natural Heritage Program also ranks it S1 (critically imperiled in Virginia), and no source calls it frequent or common in Maryland, Virginia or DC. So only its planted sightings count: 5, which is tier 4. Final tier 4.
Effort
Grab & eat Eat ripe blue-black fruit off the bush and spit out the large flat stone; fruit butter, simmered and pressed through a food mill to remove the stones, is a 3.
Find: what this means

1 Everywhere · 2 Common in the right habitat · 3 Patchy · 4 Elusive. This is about how much there is, not whether you may pick it. It is based on iNaturalist sightings within 25 km (about 15 miles) of downtown DC, counted on October 3, 2026. The four rules that each plant’s “Find” reason refers to: (A) the estimate is the confirmed sightings, plus the unconfirmed ones (scaled down where the plant has lookalikes in its genus), plus the sightings marked as planted; (B) the tier by estimate: 1,500 or more is tier 1, 250–1,499 tier 2, 50–249 tier 3, under 50 tier 4; (C) tier 1, Everywhere, also needs a source saying the plant is common in lawns, sidewalks, yards or gardens, vacant lots or towns, or at least one DC street tree of it per km of sidewalk, otherwise it is tier 2; (D) if a reliable source says the plant is rare in this region, or that wild plants rarely bear the harvest, only planted sightings count. iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.

Effort: what this means

1 Grab & eat · 2 Quick kitchen prep (under about 30 minutes) · 3 Real work (hours, or cooking needed for safety) · 4 Project (days or equipment). Scored on the simplest worthwhile use; each plant’s page says why.

Sources

36 sources, each linked to the original.

  1. List of Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Plants of Maryland (March 2026) Maryland DNR Wildlife and Heritage Service, Natural Heritage ProgramBacks up: picking rules
  2. Prince William Forest Park Superintendent’s Compendium National Park Service, Prince William Forest ParkBacks up: picking rules
  3. C&O Canal NHP Superintendent’s Compendium National Park ServiceBacks up: picking rules
  4. Rock Creek Park Superintendent’s Compendium National Park ServiceBacks up: picking rules
  5. 4VAC5-30-50. Flowers, plants, minerals, etc. Virginia Law Library (law.lis.virginia.gov)Backs up: picking rules
  6. Natural Heritage Resources of Virginia: Rare Plants (September 2026) Virginia DCR Division of Natural HeritageBacks up: picking rules, findability
  7. Nannyberry, Viburnum lentago L. (Plant Guide) USDA NRCS National Plant Data CenterBacks up: description, habitat, safety, uses
  8. Valuable Viburnums (Green Deane) Eat The WeedsBacks up: description, safety
  9. Viburnum lentago (Nannyberry, Blackhaw, Sweet Viburnum, Sheepberry) Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower CenterBacks up: description, season
  10. Nannyberry, Viburnum lentago L. (Plant Fact Sheet) USDA NRCS National Plant Data CenterBacks up: description, uses
  11. Nannyberry (Viburnum lentago) (Ashley Adamant) Practical Self RelianceBacks up: description, uses, season, safety, keeping
  12. iNaturalist research-grade observations of Viburnum lentago within 25 km of downtown DC iNaturalistBacks up: findability
  13. Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Washington-Baltimore Area, Part I (Shetler & Orli, 2000) Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of BotanyBacks up: habitat
  14. Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Plants of Maryland, March 2026 (Expanded) Maryland DNR Wildlife and Heritage Service, Natural Heritage ProgramBacks up: habitat, season, safety, picking rules, findability
  15. Viburnum lentago (Nannyberry) (Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora) Virginia Botanical Associates (Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora)Backs up: habitat, findability
  16. How to freeze fruit safely University of Minnesota ExtensionBacks up: keeping
  17. How Long Can I Store Frozen Foods National Center for Home Food Preservation (Univ. of Georgia)Backs up: keeping
  18. USDA PLANTS Database: Viburnum lentago (VILE), native status USDA NRCSBacks up: native or invasive status
  19. Virginia Invasive Plant Species List (effective date: September 2024) Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural HeritageBacks up: native or invasive status
  20. Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant Law and Regulations (Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant List, updated January 2026; additions effective July 15, 2026; 'Next Plants To Be Assessed' 2026-2027) Maryland Department of Agriculture, Plant Protection & Weed ManagementBacks up: native or invasive status
  21. Non-Native Invasive Terrestrial Plant Species in the State of Maryland (updates approved through the April 18, 2024 MISC meeting) Maryland Invasive Species CouncilBacks up: native or invasive status
  22. Invasive Plants in the District DC Department of Energy & EnvironmentBacks up: native or invasive status
  23. Rhamnus cathartica (Common Buckthorn) NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxBacks up: safety
  24. Frangula alnus (Alder Buckthorn, Glossy Buckthorn) NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxBacks up: safety
  25. Viburnum opulus (Cranberry Bush Viburnum, European Cranberry, Guelder-Rose) NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxBacks up: safety
  26. Viburnum prunifolium (Blackhaw) NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxBacks up: safety details
  27. Viburnum lentago L. - Nannyberry (New York Metropolitan Flora) Brooklyn Botanic GardenBacks up: safety, uses
  28. Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas, Field Guide (Swearingen & Fulton, 2022), Privet Mid-Atlantic Invasive Plant Council / Passiflora Press (hosted by Bugwood/Mid-Atlantic Invaders Tool)Backs up: safety, native or invasive status, safety details
  29. Identification of native blackhaw or non-native ligustrum in Austin (Ask Mr. Smarty Plants, expert answer) Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower CenterBacks up: safety, safety details
  30. Ligustrum japonicum (Japanese Privet, Privet, Wax-leaf Privet) NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxBacks up: safety, safety details
  31. Ligustrum sinense (Chinese Privet) NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxBacks up: safety, safety details
  32. Ligustrum vulgare (Common Privet) NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxBacks up: safety, safety details
  33. Ligustrum lucidum (Glossy Privet) NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxBacks up: safety, safety details
  34. Differences in the fruit structure and the location and content of bioactive substances in Viburnum opulus and Viburnum lantana fruits (Konarska & Domaciuk, Protoplasma 2018) Protoplasma (Springer; peer-reviewed), via PubMed CentralBacks up: safety, safety details
  35. iNaturalist research-grade observations of Viburnum lentago within 25 km of Washington, DC, by month (fruiting annotation) iNaturalistBacks up: season
  36. Viburnum lentago (Black Haw, Cowberry, Nannyberry, Nannyberry Viburnum, Nanny Plum, Sheepberry, Sweetberry, Sweet Viburnum) NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxBacks up: season, description, uses, habitat, safety, native or invasive status, keeping