No. 178
Northern bugleweed
Lycopus uniflorus
northern water-horehound
Roots, bulbs & tubers tubers (small, crisp, white; at the tips of runners)
Drawing: Britton & Brown, Illustrated Flora (1913)
No modern safety review found. No extension, poison-center, government or peer-reviewed review of eating northern bugleweed tubers was found in NC State’s plant toolbox, the European Medicines Agency’s herbal monographs, PubMed or university health libraries, which discuss only the leaves and flowers of related bugleweeds taken as a thyroid medicine.
- Find
- Elusive
- Effort
- Quick kitchen prep
- ID risk
- Beginner
- Origin
- native
- Safety marks
- Cook first
- Uses
- Cooked vegetable / soup
- Pickles
Season
- Jan
- Feb
- Mar
- Apr
- May
- Jun
- Jul
- Aug
- Sep
- Oct
- Nov
- Dec
in season peak
Picking: No park we checked allows it. Anywhere else, ask whoever owns or runs the land. See Where you may pick.
What these mean
Find
1 Everywhere · 2 Common in the right habitat · 3 Patchy · 4 Elusive. This is about how much there is, not whether you may pick it. It is based on iNaturalist sightings within 25 km (about 15 miles) of downtown DC, counted on October 3, 2026. The four rules that each plant’s “Find” reason refers to: (A) the estimate is the confirmed sightings, plus the unconfirmed ones (scaled down where the plant has lookalikes in its genus), plus the sightings marked as planted; (B) the tier by estimate: 1,500 or more is tier 1, 250–1,499 tier 2, 50–249 tier 3, under 50 tier 4; (C) tier 1, Everywhere, also needs a source saying the plant is common in lawns, sidewalks, yards or gardens, vacant lots or towns, or at least one DC street tree of it per km of sidewalk, otherwise it is tier 2; (D) if a reliable source says the plant is rare in this region, or that wild plants rarely bear the harvest, only planted sightings count. iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.
Effort
1 Grab & eat · 2 Quick kitchen prep (under about 30 minutes) · 3 Real work (hours, or cooking needed for safety) · 4 Project (days or equipment). Scored on the simplest worthwhile use; each plant’s page says why.
ID risk
How hard it is to harvest safely. Beginner: no dangerous lookalike, and the edible part is not easily confused with a toxic part. Careful: a toxic lookalike, or toxic parts that end up in the harvest unless removed (for example elderberry stems, unripe ground cherries), or other parts of the plant rated medium-or-higher toxicity, with reliable features to separate them. Expert only: a potentially deadly lookalike that is hard to separate, or (for not-recommended harvests like pokeweed) a plant whose safe preparation can’t be guaranteed. Toxic parts that are obviously separate and thrown away anyway (pits, seeds, skins) don’t raise it; the Toxic parts mark carries that warning.
Native or not, and the invader stars
Origin is where the plant comes from: native, non-native, or mixed (the harvest covers both). The stars rate plants on invasive plant lists: ★★★ Virginia DCR “High” or Maryland prohibited invasive · ★★ Virginia “Medium” · ★ Virginia “Low” · ☆ listed only by the Maryland Invasive Species Council or the Mid-Atlantic Plant Invaders guide (advisory) · no stars: native or not listed.
Safety marks and flags
Deadly lookalike / Toxic lookalike: a cited source names a lookalike of that danger, recorded near DC (an iNaturalist sighting within 25 km, a DC street tree, or a Smithsonian listing for DC) and looking like the part you eat. Other lookalikes are still listed, marked “not recorded near DC” or as not looking like the part you eat. Deadly means a source says eating it may be fatal or calls it deadly, or NC State rates it high severity with life-threatening symptoms (sources sometimes disagree; for example Virginia creeper). Each plant’s Lookalikes list says how to tell them apart; “harmless (may be edible)” lookalikes are listed so you know a mix-up isn’t dangerous. Cook first: cooking is needed for safety (for daylilies it is a precaution, not a sourced requirement). Eat in moderation: a source says to limit quantity or frequency (for example oxalates in sorrels and dock, ginkgotoxin, safrole). Spray risk: a source says the plant is commonly treated with herbicide in parks or lawns (invasive control, lawn weeds) or, for ginkgo, sprayed to stop fruiting. Contamination: a source says the plant concentrates pollutants. Each plant’s Safety flags list gives the details and sources.
Seasons
Start, peak and end are given in thirds of a month: early, mid or late. A plant counts as in season for a month if it is in season at any point in that month. Some greens and roots have a second window, in spring or fall; their page shows each window. A season that runs across New Year is shown as one window.
What it looks like
A native perennial of the mint family with square stems and opposite, lance-shaped, coarsely toothed leaves (West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection; Minnesota Wildflowers). Dense clusters of small white flowers ring the leaf joints from July through September (West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection). Unlike wild mint, it has little or no mint scent (West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection; Minnesota Wildflowers; Edible Wild Food). Runners root at the nodes and end in a tuber, which sends up a flowering stem the following year (Minnesota Wildflowers; West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection). The tubers are crisp and white but usually small (Edible Wild Food). Go Botany says the roots are edible and were often eaten by Native Americans.
Safety
No toxicity is reported for northern bugleweed or its tubers in the sources checked (Go Botany; Edible Wild Food), but no modern safety review of eating the tubers was found. Cook the tubers: CDC says people most often catch the Fasciola liver fluke by eating raw watercress or other freshwater plants, although Edible Wild Food says the tubers can be eaten raw. A close relative, Virginia bugleweed, is used as an herbal medicine for a mildly overactive thyroid; Michigan Medicine says its leaves and flowers are the parts used, and that it and its European cousin gypsywort may interfere with thyroid hormone medicines. Michigan Medicine warns that excessive intake of bugleweed by people with thyroid disease, or use by healthy people, may cause a potentially harmful decrease in thyroid function. It also says bugleweed should not be taken by people with an underactive thyroid or during pregnancy and breast-feeding. These warnings are about the medicinal herb of the relatives; none of the sources says whether the tubers have the same effect. Several bugleweeds grow side by side in the same wet places and are hard to tell apart (Minnesota Wildflowers; Edible Wild Food). Virginia bugleweed, common throughout Virginia (Virginia plant atlas), has no tubers and broader, hairy leaves (West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection; Minnesota Wildflowers). American bugleweed has deeply lobed lower leaves (Minnesota Wildflowers; West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection).
Lookalikes
Virginia bugleweed Lycopus virginicus harmless (may be edible)
Virginia bugleweed has no tubers (Go Botany; West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection; Minnesota Wildflowers) and broader, hairy leaves (West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection; Minnesota Wildflowers). It is common throughout Virginia (Virginia plant atlas). Its leaves and flowers are a medicinal herb that can lower thyroid function (Michigan Medicine), but it has no tubers to mistake for the harvest.
- Lycopus uniflorus (northern water-horehound) Go Botany, Native Plant Trust
- Lycopus virginicus (Virginia water-horehound) Go Botany, Native Plant Trust
- Lycopus uniflorus, northern bugleweed (West Virginia wetland flora sheet; archived copy) West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection
- Lycopus uniflorus (Northern Bugleweed) Minnesota Wildflowers
- Lycopus virginicus L. (Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora) Virginia Botanical Associates (Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora)
- Bugleweed (health library; archived copy) Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan
American bugleweed Lycopus americanus harmless (may be edible)
American bugleweed has deeply lobed lower leaves, which northern bugleweed lacks (Minnesota Wildflowers; West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection), and its sepals are longer than 1 mm and longer than the mature fruits (Go Botany). No source reports it as toxic.
- Lycopus uniflorus (Northern Bugleweed) Minnesota Wildflowers
- Lycopus uniflorus, northern bugleweed (West Virginia wetland flora sheet; archived copy) West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection
- Lycopus uniflorus (northern water-horehound) Go Botany, Native Plant Trust
Safety flags
Cook first
CDC says people most often catch the Fasciola liver fluke by eating raw watercress or other freshwater plants contaminated by its larvae, so cook the tubers, although Edible Wild Food says they can be eaten raw in salads.
- About Liver Flukes Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Northern Bugleweed (Lycopus uniflorus) Edible Wild Food
- Bugleweed (health library; archived copy) Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan
Safety marks and flags: what this means
Deadly lookalike / Toxic lookalike: a cited source names a lookalike of that danger, recorded near DC (an iNaturalist sighting within 25 km, a DC street tree, or a Smithsonian listing for DC) and looking like the part you eat. Other lookalikes are still listed, marked “not recorded near DC” or as not looking like the part you eat. Deadly means a source says eating it may be fatal or calls it deadly, or NC State rates it high severity with life-threatening symptoms (sources sometimes disagree; for example Virginia creeper). Each plant’s Lookalikes list says how to tell them apart; “harmless (may be edible)” lookalikes are listed so you know a mix-up isn’t dangerous. Cook first: cooking is needed for safety (for daylilies it is a precaution, not a sourced requirement). Eat in moderation: a source says to limit quantity or frequency (for example oxalates in sorrels and dock, ginkgotoxin, safrole). Spray risk: a source says the plant is commonly treated with herbicide in parks or lawns (invasive control, lawn weeds) or, for ginkgo, sprayed to stop fruiting. Contamination: a source says the plant concentrates pollutants. Each plant’s Safety flags list gives the details and sources.
- ID risk
- Beginner
- Why
- No toxic lookalike is named. Several bugleweeds grow together and are hard to tell apart (Minnesota Wildflowers; Edible Wild Food), but Virginia bugleweed has no tubers and broader, hairy leaves (West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection; Minnesota Wildflowers), and American bugleweed has deeply lobed lower leaves (Minnesota Wildflowers).
- Soil risk
- higher
ID risk: what this means
How hard it is to harvest safely. Beginner: no dangerous lookalike, and the edible part is not easily confused with a toxic part. Careful: a toxic lookalike, or toxic parts that end up in the harvest unless removed (for example elderberry stems, unripe ground cherries), or other parts of the plant rated medium-or-higher toxicity, with reliable features to separate them. Expert only: a potentially deadly lookalike that is hard to separate, or (for not-recommended harvests like pokeweed) a plant whose safe preparation can’t be guaranteed. Toxic parts that are obviously separate and thrown away anyway (pits, seeds, skins) don’t raise it; the Toxic parts mark carries that warning.
Soil risk: what this means
Based on the part you eat, following the urban-soil lead guidance on the Field safety page: higher for greens, shoots and roots; moderate for flowers; low for fruit, nuts and sap.
Field safety for every outing (poison ivy, ticks, soil, and more)
When to pick
- Starts
- early Nov
- Peak
- early Dec–late Dec
- Ends
- late Mar
The tubers form at the ends of the runners and send up a new flowering stem the following year (Minnesota Wildflowers; West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection), so they are dug while the plant is dormant, from late fall to early spring. No source gives digging dates for the DC area. The plant flowers from July through September (West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection), and Minnesota Wildflowers says it is easiest to tell from other bugleweeds when the fruits are present, so a patch is best found and marked in late summer or fall. iNaturalist sightings within 25 km of DC begin in April, when new shoots are up.
How the dates were worked out
Every start, peak and end was re-checked in October 2026. “Sourced” means a source opened during the check states that timing for the DC or Mid-Atlantic area. “Estimated” means no source states it exactly; the reason, the evidence and the source links are under “How the dates were worked out” on each plant’s page. Peaks are often estimated, because few sources name a peak. iNaturalist evidence means research-grade sightings near DC, by month, of the plant at that stage (for example, in fruit). iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.
Season basis: estimated: start, peak, end
Start
estimated: No modern source dates the digging. The tubers carry the plant through winter, so the window opens after flowering and fruiting have ended and the stems have died back, which is about early November in the DC area.
Peak
estimated: No source names a best month. December falls in the middle of the dormant season, when the tubers have finished forming and the dead stems of the year still stand over them.
End
estimated: No source gives an end date; late March keeps the dig before the tubers send up new shoots, which iNaturalist shows above ground near DC from April.
Evidence
start: West Virginia DEP: flowers 'July through September'; stolons 'root at the nodes in the wet soil and form tubers. The tubers produce a stem the next year.' Minnesota Wildflowers: 'Prostrate stems (stolons) root at the nodes and terminate in a tuber, which produces a flowering stem the following year.' | peak: Minnesota Wildflowers: the stolons 'terminate in a tuber, which produces a flowering stem the following year'. | end: Minnesota Wildflowers: each tuber 'produces a flowering stem the following year'. iNaturalist (25 km, research grade): no sightings December to March, 8 in April and 8 in May.
- Lycopus uniflorus, northern bugleweed (West Virginia wetland flora sheet; archived copy) West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection
- Lycopus uniflorus (Northern Bugleweed) Minnesota Wildflowers
- iNaturalist research-grade observations of Lycopus uniflorus within 25 km of Washington, DC, by month (all observations) iNaturalist
Where to look
Wet ground: bogs, seeps, marshes, pond edges and wet floodplain woods. It is rare this close to DC, and iNaturalist sightings are few and scattered; the most at any one place are two each in Barcroft Park in Arlington and in Wheaton Regional Park, where digging is not allowed. Roots may not be dug in any listed park, so dig only on private land with the owner’s permission.
- Habitats
- floodplain & stream-valley forest, wetlands, marshes & pond edges
Habitats: what this means
Listed where the plant’s own sources place it in that habitat. “Disturbed ground & waste places” means a cited source places it on disturbed areas, sites, soil or ground, on waste places or waste ground, on construction or abandoned building sites (old home sites count), on rubble or in strip mines. When the source gives examples of the disturbed places, at least one example must be of that kind. Examples that do not count: natural or forestry disturbance (treefall gaps, fire, windthrow, flood scour, old riverbanks and creeks, clear-cuts); roadsides, railroads and rights-of-way; and abandoned fields, pastures and farmland, which are “Old fields & meadows”. “Vacant lots” only where a source says vacant or empty lots.
Most-logged places
None of the most-logged places allows picking.
No picking here (2 places)
- Barcroft Park
Look but don’t pick: Arlington County park rules say flora shall not be removed or disturbed.
- Wheaton Regional Park
Look but don’t pick: Montgomery/Prince George’s parks (M-NCPPC) ban harvesting vegetation without a permit.
Most-logged places: what this means
The places with the most research-grade iNaturalist sightings within 25 km of downtown DC (re-counted in October 2026 over every named place, campuses, condominiums and private grounds included), each marked legal to pick or not. A sighting inside several named places counts once, for the smallest of them, but a sighting inside a National Park Service park never counts for a private, campus or unchecked place. iNaturalist shows where people walk and log plants, not true abundance. Private campuses, condominiums, museums, estates and utility land (Pepco’s power-line land near Sligo Creek) are marked “no” (pick only with the owner’s permission); public university campuses, city parks and other places whose picking rules were not checked (county stormwater land, the U.S. Capitol Grounds, Greenbelt’s North Woods, federal facilities such as the National Zoo) are “unknown”. A place needs at least 2 sightings, so plants with very few sightings have no places. At-risk plants (butternut, nannyberry, American chestnut, ramps, riverbank goldenrod) get places like every other plant; each page says why the plant is at risk and gives any advice its sources give. For some places, mostly Rock Creek Park, the iNaturalist map shows more sightings than the count here, because a map link cannot leave out exactly the sightings credited to another place. iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.
Where you may pick
On National Park Service land around DC (Rock Creek Park and other NPS units) gathering leaves, flowers, roots or other non-fruit plant parts is prohibited, because 36 CFR 2.1(c) lets a park designate only fruits, berries and nuts; Rock Creek’s compendium also bars gathering fruits, nuts, berries, seeds, mushrooms or cut greenery. Get permission before picking in county or regional parks or on private land.
- (no listed park)
No park we checked allows it. Anywhere else, ask whoever owns or runs the land.
Where you may pick: what this means
For each park system: “yes” where its current rules (the park’s compendium or regulation) allow this plant or part, with the limit; “ambiguous” where the wording may or may not cover it, so ask the park; “no” where it is not allowed. Rock Creek Park, the GW Parkway sites (including Great Falls VA and Theodore Roosevelt Island), the National Mall, Montgomery and Prince George’s parks, Maryland state parks, and Fairfax and Arlington parks prohibit picking. Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts allows blackberries and raspberries (one gallon per person per day) and chestnuts (one gallon per person per day). National Park Service rules are reissued every year; other parks change theirs from time to time, so check the park’s current rules. The Where you may pick page has every park’s rules.
Ways to use it
- cooked in soups, or roasted (Edible Wild Food)
- pickled, after cooking (Edible Wild Food)
- harvest by following the runners, which end in the tubers (Minnesota Wildflowers; West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection)
Keeping
Keep cold and moist in the refrigerator and use them within a few weeks, or cook and pickle them and keep the pickles refrigerated.
- Use within
- weeks
- Keeps fresh
- Keep fresh tubers cold and moist, for example in perforated plastic bags in the refrigerator, which keeps vegetables only for a moderate time (general guidance for root vegetables; University of Minnesota).
- Canning
- no tested recipe: refrigerate or freeze, don’t can
- Keeping basis
- general guidance for its type
Ways to keep it
Pickle as researched: pickle; canning: no tested recipe — refrigerator pickle only
Edible Wild Food says the tubers can be pickled; cook them first (CDC warns against eating raw freshwater plants). No tested pickling or canning recipe names them, so keep the pickles in the refrigerator and do not can them.
Canning: what this means
Shelf-stable canning, three levels. Lab-tested: a lab-tested recipe from the National Center for Home Food Preservation (NCHFP) or Oregon State covers this fruit and product, or a generic recipe for its kind (the line says so, for example chokeberry). Extension recipe: a published Extension recipe (University of Alaska Fairbanks, written for Alaska species; University of Maine’s dandelion jelly), or a process that is safe only with a pH meter; follow it exactly, never improvise. No tested recipe: refrigerate or freeze, don’t can. “Hot-bottled syrup” = maple and walnut syrup, which keep when bottled hot at full syrup density. The Canning line names the exact product each source covers, for example “whole berries” or “juice”; a product not named there (such as juice from a berry with only a whole-berry recipe) has no tested recipe.
Keeping basis: what this means
“Specific to this plant” or “general guidance for its type” (for example NCHFP guidance for leafy greens applied to a wild green).
Nutrition
Not researched: in October 2026, only the calendar’s plants of the month and chicory leaves were researched.
Native or not
- Origin
- native
- Native range
- Alaska, Canada and the lower 48 states (USDA PLANTS)
- Virginia invasive rank
- not listed
- Maryland invasive status
- not listed
Native or not, and the invader stars: what this means
Origin is where the plant comes from: native, non-native, or mixed (the harvest covers both). The stars rate plants on invasive plant lists: ★★★ Virginia DCR “High” or Maryland prohibited invasive · ★★ Virginia “Medium” · ★ Virginia “Low” · ☆ listed only by the Maryland Invasive Species Council or the Mid-Atlantic Plant Invaders guide (advisory) · no stars: native or not listed.
Virginia DCR, Virginia Invasive Plant Species List (effective September 2024), verbatim: "Under the DCR Invasive Species Assessment Protocol, approved by the Virginia Invasive Species Working Group, January 2024, species were ranked as exhibiting high, medium or low levels of invasiveness based on their threat to natural communities and native species. Invasiveness rank is higher for species that: • Alter ecosystem processes, such as succession, hydrology or fire regime. • Are capable of invading undisturbed natural communities. • Cause substantial impacts on rare or vulnerable species or natural communities or high-quality examples of more common communities. • Are found widely distributed and generally abundant where present. • Disperse readily to new areas. • Are difficult to control." The list also states: "The list is for educational purposes only and has no regulatory authority."
Maryland Department of Agriculture, Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant Law and Regulations page, verbatim: "Plants on the Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant List may not be added to stock after the effective date and should not be sold after their phase-out period ends."
No official DC invasive plant list was found.
How the ratings were set
- Find
- Elusive Estimate 55 = 26 research-grade iNaturalist sightings within 25 km + 83 needs-ID sightings counted at 35% (26 of the 75 research-grade Lycopus sightings here are northern bugleweed) + 0 'cultivated' (planted) sightings (rule A); that is tier 3 by count (rule B). Rule D (scarce here): the Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora says "Frequent in the mountains; rare in the n. Piedmont and n. Coastal Plain"; the 25 km circle lies where the Piedmont meets the Coastal Plain. So only its planted sightings count: 0, which is tier 4. Final tier 4.
- Effort
- Quick kitchen prep Dig along the runners in wet ground to find the small tubers at their tips, wash them, and cook them in soups or roast them.
Find: what this means
1 Everywhere · 2 Common in the right habitat · 3 Patchy · 4 Elusive. This is about how much there is, not whether you may pick it. It is based on iNaturalist sightings within 25 km (about 15 miles) of downtown DC, counted on October 3, 2026. The four rules that each plant’s “Find” reason refers to: (A) the estimate is the confirmed sightings, plus the unconfirmed ones (scaled down where the plant has lookalikes in its genus), plus the sightings marked as planted; (B) the tier by estimate: 1,500 or more is tier 1, 250–1,499 tier 2, 50–249 tier 3, under 50 tier 4; (C) tier 1, Everywhere, also needs a source saying the plant is common in lawns, sidewalks, yards or gardens, vacant lots or towns, or at least one DC street tree of it per km of sidewalk, otherwise it is tier 2; (D) if a reliable source says the plant is rare in this region, or that wild plants rarely bear the harvest, only planted sightings count. iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.
Effort: what this means
1 Grab & eat · 2 Quick kitchen prep (under about 30 minutes) · 3 Real work (hours, or cooking needed for safety) · 4 Project (days or equipment). Scored on the simplest worthwhile use; each plant’s page says why.
Sources
22 sources, each linked to the original.
- Rock Creek Park Superintendent’s Compendium National Park ServiceBacks up: picking rules
- 36 CFR 2.1 - Preservation of natural, cultural and archeological resources Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School (text of federal regulation)Backs up: picking rules
- Lycopus uniflorus (northern water-horehound) Go Botany, Native Plant TrustBacks up: description, habitat, safety
- Northern Bugleweed (Lycopus uniflorus) Edible Wild FoodBacks up: description, uses, safety, keeping
- Lycopus uniflorus (Northern Bugleweed) Minnesota WildflowersBacks up: description, uses, season, safety
- Lycopus uniflorus, northern bugleweed (West Virginia wetland flora sheet; archived copy) West Virginia Department of Environmental ProtectionBacks up: description, uses, season, safety
- iNaturalist research-grade observations of Lycopus uniflorus within 25 km of downtown DC iNaturalistBacks up: findability
- Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Washington-Baltimore Area, Part I (Shetler & Orli, 2000) Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of BotanyBacks up: habitat
- Lycopus uniflorus Michx. (Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora) Virginia Botanical Associates (Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora)Backs up: habitat, findability, native or invasive status
- Harvesting and storing home garden vegetables University of Minnesota ExtensionBacks up: keeping
- USDA PLANTS Database: Lycopus uniflorus (LYUN), native status USDA NRCSBacks up: native or invasive status
- Virginia Invasive Plant Species List (effective date: September 2024) Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural HeritageBacks up: native or invasive status
- Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant Law and Regulations (Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant List, updated January 2026; additions effective July 15, 2026; 'Next Plants To Be Assessed' 2026-2027) Maryland Department of Agriculture, Plant Protection & Weed ManagementBacks up: native or invasive status
- Non-Native Invasive Terrestrial Plant Species in the State of Maryland (updates approved through the April 18, 2024 MISC meeting) Maryland Invasive Species CouncilBacks up: native or invasive status
- Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas, Field Guide (Swearingen & Fulton, 2022; successor to the NPS/USFWS 5th ed., 2017) Mid-Atlantic Invasive Plant Council / Passiflora Press (hosted by Bugwood/Mid-Atlantic Invaders Tool)Backs up: native or invasive status
- Invasive Plants in the District DC Department of Energy & EnvironmentBacks up: native or invasive status
- Lycopus virginicus (Virginia water-horehound) Go Botany, Native Plant TrustBacks up: safety details
- PubMed records: Beer et al. 2008, Phytomedicine 15:16-22 (PMID 18083505); Winterhoff et al. 1994, Arzneimittelforschung 44:41-45 (PMID 8135877); Vonhoff et al. 2006, Life Sciences (PMID 16150466) National Library of Medicine (PubMed)Backs up: safety details
- About Liver Flukes Centers for Disease Control and PreventionBacks up: safety, keeping
- Bugleweed (health library; archived copy) Michigan Medicine, University of MichiganBacks up: safety, safety details
- Lycopus virginicus L. (Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora) Virginia Botanical Associates (Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora)Backs up: safety, safety details
- iNaturalist research-grade observations of Lycopus uniflorus within 25 km of Washington, DC, by month (all observations) iNaturalistBacks up: season, habitat