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A Forager’s Year

No. 80

Plant of the month: December

Multiflora rose

Rosa multiflora

Fruit ripe hips

Drawing: USDA, Selected Weeds of the United States (1970)

Find
Common in the right habitat
Effort
Quick kitchen prep
ID risk
Beginner
Origin
non-native ★★★
Safety marks
  • Spray risk
Uses
  • Pesto & sauces
  • Jam & jelly
  • Syrup & cordial
  • Tea
  • Juice & drinks

Season

  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec

in season peak

What these mean

Find

1 Everywhere · 2 Common in the right habitat · 3 Patchy · 4 Elusive. This is about how much there is, not whether you may pick it. It is based on iNaturalist sightings within 25 km (about 15 miles) of downtown DC, counted on October 3, 2026. The four rules that each plant’s “Find” reason refers to: (A) the estimate is the confirmed sightings, plus the unconfirmed ones (scaled down where the plant has lookalikes in its genus), plus the sightings marked as planted; (B) the tier by estimate: 1,500 or more is tier 1, 250–1,499 tier 2, 50–249 tier 3, under 50 tier 4; (C) tier 1, Everywhere, also needs a source saying the plant is common in lawns, sidewalks, yards or gardens, vacant lots or towns, or at least one DC street tree of it per km of sidewalk, otherwise it is tier 2; (D) if a reliable source says the plant is rare in this region, or that wild plants rarely bear the harvest, only planted sightings count. iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.

Effort

1 Grab & eat · 2 Quick kitchen prep (under about 30 minutes) · 3 Real work (hours, or cooking needed for safety) · 4 Project (days or equipment). Scored on the simplest worthwhile use; each plant’s page says why.

ID risk

How hard it is to harvest safely. Beginner: no dangerous lookalike, and the edible part is not easily confused with a toxic part. Careful: a toxic lookalike, or toxic parts that end up in the harvest unless removed (for example elderberry stems, unripe ground cherries), or other parts of the plant rated medium-or-higher toxicity, with reliable features to separate them. Expert only: a potentially deadly lookalike that is hard to separate, or (for not-recommended harvests like pokeweed) a plant whose safe preparation can’t be guaranteed. Toxic parts that are obviously separate and thrown away anyway (pits, seeds, skins) don’t raise it; the Toxic parts mark carries that warning.

Native or not, and the invader stars

Origin is where the plant comes from: native, non-native, or mixed (the harvest covers both). The stars rate plants on invasive plant lists: ★★★ Virginia DCR “High” or Maryland prohibited invasive · ★★ Virginia “Medium” · ★ Virginia “Low” · ☆ listed only by the Maryland Invasive Species Council or the Mid-Atlantic Plant Invaders guide (advisory) · no stars: native or not listed.

Safety marks and flags

Deadly lookalike / Toxic lookalike: a cited source names a lookalike of that danger. Deadly means a source says eating it may be fatal or calls it deadly, or NC State rates it high severity with life-threatening symptoms (sources sometimes disagree; for example Virginia creeper). Each plant’s Lookalikes list says how to tell them apart; “harmless (may be edible)” lookalikes are listed so you know a mix-up isn’t dangerous. Cook first: cooking is needed for safety (for daylilies it is a precaution, not a sourced requirement). Eat in moderation: a source says to limit quantity or frequency (for example oxalates in sorrels and dock, ginkgotoxin, safrole). Spray risk: a source says the plant is commonly treated with herbicide in parks or lawns (invasive control, lawn weeds) or, for ginkgo, sprayed to stop fruiting. Contamination: a source says the plant concentrates pollutants. Each plant’s Safety flags list gives the details and sources.

Seasons

Start, peak and end are given in thirds of a month: early, mid or late. A plant counts as in season for a month if it is in season at any point in that month. Some greens and roots have a second window, in spring or fall; their page shows each window. A season that runs across New Year is shown as one window.

What it looks like

A sprawling Asian rose with arching green canes, curved prickles, and compound leaves of 7-9 leaflets. The key identification feature is fringed (comb-like) stipules at the base of each leafstalk. In late spring it has clusters of small white flowers, followed by clusters of small (about 1/4 in), smooth, bright red hips that last through winter. They taste sour and floral.

Safety

Remove or strain out the seeds: UAF warns their prongs might lodge in the intestines. Strain tea, juice and syrup through fine cloth. Do not harvest from plants that may have been sprayed with herbicide or pesticide, as multiflora rose is a common spray target, or from roadside dust and exhaust.

Safety flags

Safety marks and flags: what this means

Deadly lookalike / Toxic lookalike: a cited source names a lookalike of that danger. Deadly means a source says eating it may be fatal or calls it deadly, or NC State rates it high severity with life-threatening symptoms (sources sometimes disagree; for example Virginia creeper). Each plant’s Lookalikes list says how to tell them apart; “harmless (may be edible)” lookalikes are listed so you know a mix-up isn’t dangerous. Cook first: cooking is needed for safety (for daylilies it is a precaution, not a sourced requirement). Eat in moderation: a source says to limit quantity or frequency (for example oxalates in sorrels and dock, ginkgotoxin, safrole). Spray risk: a source says the plant is commonly treated with herbicide in parks or lawns (invasive control, lawn weeds) or, for ginkgo, sprayed to stop fruiting. Contamination: a source says the plant concentrates pollutants. Each plant’s Safety flags list gives the details and sources.

ID risk
Beginner
Why
No toxic lookalike is named; fringed (comb-like) stipules at the leafstalk base identify it.
Handling hazards
Thorns (minor)
Soil risk
low
ID risk: what this means

How hard it is to harvest safely. Beginner: no dangerous lookalike, and the edible part is not easily confused with a toxic part. Careful: a toxic lookalike, or toxic parts that end up in the harvest unless removed (for example elderberry stems, unripe ground cherries), or other parts of the plant rated medium-or-higher toxicity, with reliable features to separate them. Expert only: a potentially deadly lookalike that is hard to separate, or (for not-recommended harvests like pokeweed) a plant whose safe preparation can’t be guaranteed. Toxic parts that are obviously separate and thrown away anyway (pits, seeds, skins) don’t raise it; the Toxic parts mark carries that warning.

Handling hazards: what this means

Stings, thorns, irritating or phototoxic sap, staining hulls and spiny husks, with a severity: minor = brief discomfort; moderate = rash or blisters lasting days; serious = burns, scarring or medical care possible.

Soil risk: what this means

Based on the part you eat, following the urban-soil lead guidance on the Field safety page: higher for greens, shoots and roots; moderate for flowers; low for fruit, nuts and sap.

Field safety for every outing (poison ivy, ticks, soil, and more)

When to pick

Starts
mid Sep
Peak
early Nov–early Nov
Ends
late Feb

Hips ripen in late summer and stay on through winter (University of Maryland Extension; Master Gardeners of Northern Virginia). The Natural History Society of Maryland harvests them in late fall and winter, for nibbling or tea. Collecting after the first frost is often recommended, and riper hips are sweeter (University of Alaska Fairbanks Extension). Pick firm, fully red hips and skip shriveled or moldy ones. Herbicides are a standard control for multiflora rose (University of Maryland Extension; Penn State), so avoid stands that may have been sprayed.

How the dates were worked out

Every start, peak and end was re-checked in October 2026. “Sourced” means a source opened during the check states that timing for the DC or Mid-Atlantic area. “Estimated” means no source states it exactly; the reason, the evidence and the source links are under “How the dates were worked out” on each plant’s page. Peaks are often estimated, because few sources name a peak. iNaturalist evidence means research-grade sightings near DC, by month, of the plant at that stage (for example, in fruit). iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.

Season basis: estimated: start, peak

Start

estimated: The sources say late summer without a date; DC records show red hips becoming common in mid-September.

Peak

estimated: UAF’s frost advice is general, not regional; DC’s first frost usually falls in early-to-mid November, so the peak is placed in early November.

End

sourced

Evidence

start: University of Maryland Extension: hips 'ripen in late summer and can persist into winter'. NC State: 'red hips appear in clusters late summer'. DC iNaturalist research-grade fruiting records jump from 1/week to 7 in the week of Sep 17-23. | peak: University of Alaska Fairbanks Extension: 'Collecting them after the first frost is often recommended... The riper they are, the sweeter they will be.' DC iNaturalist fruiting records hold at 1-4/week from October through December. | end: Natural History Society of Maryland (Jan 2, 2021): multiflora rose hips 'can be harvested in late Fall and Winter! You can eat them right off the shrub or bring them home for tea.' Master Gardeners of Northern Virginia: hips 'remain through the winter'. FEIS: fruits 'often persist until spring'. DC iNaturalist fruiting records: January 7, February 3, March 4.

Where to look

Thorny thickets on nearly every woods edge and old field (Rock Creek Park, the C&O towpath, Four Mile Run), but hips are legal to pick in Virginia state parks such as Mason Neck and Leesylvania or on private land with permission, ambiguous on the C&O towpath (ask the park), and banned in Rock Creek Park and along Four Mile Run.

Habitats
old fields & meadows, woods edges, trailsides & thickets
Habitats: what this means

Listed where the plant’s own sources place it in that habitat. “Disturbed ground & waste places” means a cited source places it on disturbed areas, sites, soil or ground, on waste places or waste ground, on construction or abandoned building sites (old home sites count), on rubble or in strip mines. When the source gives examples of the disturbed places, at least one example must be of that kind. Examples that do not count: natural or forestry disturbance (treefall gaps, fire, windthrow, flood scour, old riverbanks and creeks, clear-cuts); roadsides, railroads and rights-of-way; and abandoned fields, pastures and farmland, which are “Old fields & meadows”. “Vacant lots” only where a source says vacant or empty lots.

Most-logged places

None of the most-logged places allows picking.

Ask first: rules unclear or not checked

  • C&O Canal NHP (towpath, Georgetown to Great Falls MD and beyond)

    117 sightings · Legal to pick: ambiguous · see them on iNaturalist

    Ambiguous: the C&O compendium allows edible fruits, nuts and berries generally but sets no limit for this one; ask the park first. Of these, 13 are at Carderock.

No picking here (4 places)
  • Rock Creek Park

    216 sightings · Legal to pick: no · see them on iNaturalist

    Look but don’t pick: Rock Creek Park’s compendium bans gathering any fruit, nut, berry, seed or greenery.

  • Rock Creek Regional Park (MD)

    75 sightings · Legal to pick: no · see them on iNaturalist

    Look but don’t pick: Montgomery/Prince George’s parks (M-NCPPC) ban harvesting vegetation without a permit.

  • Huntley Meadows Park

    62 sightings · Legal to pick: no · see them on iNaturalist

    Look but don’t pick: Fairfax County parks ban removing any plant part without written permission.

  • Theodore Roosevelt Island

    60 sightings · Legal to pick: no · see them on iNaturalist

    Look but don’t pick: GW Memorial Parkway sites (incl. Great Falls VA, Theodore Roosevelt Island, Dyke Marsh) designate nothing for gathering.

Most-logged places: what this means

The places with the most research-grade iNaturalist sightings within 25 km of downtown DC (re-counted in October 2026 over every named place, campuses, condominiums and private grounds included), each marked legal to pick or not. A sighting inside several named places counts once, for the smallest of them, but a sighting inside a National Park Service park never counts for a private, campus or unchecked place. iNaturalist shows where people walk and log plants, not true abundance. Private campuses, condominiums, museums, estates and utility land (Pepco’s power-line land near Sligo Creek) are marked “no” (pick only with the owner’s permission); public university campuses, city parks and other places whose picking rules were not checked (county stormwater land, the U.S. Capitol Grounds, Greenbelt’s North Woods, federal facilities such as the National Zoo) are “unknown”. A place needs at least 2 sightings, so plants with very few sightings (rugosa rose) have no places. No most-logged places are named for at-risk plants (ramps, chinquapin, American chestnut); chinquapin’s page names Mason Neck State Park, where picking is legal, and asks you to leave most nuts. For some places, mostly Rock Creek Park, the iNaturalist map shows more sightings than the count here, because a map link cannot leave out exactly the sightings credited to another place. iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.

Ways to use it

  • tea (dried)
  • jelly
  • juice/drink
  • puree/sauce
  • syrup

Keeping

Clean them within a day of picking, then freeze or dry within a week; never can rose hip purée.

Use within
within a few days
Keeps fresh
Clean soon after picking (remove stem and blossom ends, rinse, pat dry); keeps 1 week covered in the refrigerator (UAF).
Canning
extension recipe: jelly, juice (never purée) (UAF, Alaska wild roses)
Keeping basis
specific to this plant

Ways to keep it

  • Can as researched: can (water bath); canning: extension recipe: juice (never purée) (UAF, Alaska wild roses) — follow exactly

    UAF (Alaska wild roses, applied here to this species): rose hip JUICE can be canned (5 minutes for pints or quarts), but UAF says canning is NOT safe for rose hip purée, so freeze the purée.

  • Dry as researched: dry/dehydrate; canning: n/a (not shelf-canned)

    Slit the hips and remove seeds and hairs, then dry in a ventilated room for a few days or at 140°F until brittle. Powder or grate, and store sealed (UAF).

  • Freeze as researched: freeze; canning: n/a (not shelf-canned)

    Freeze hips in one layer on a cookie sheet, then bag; they keep up to 2 years (UAF).

  • Jam/jelly as researched: jam/jelly; canning: extension recipe: jelly (UAF, Alaska wild roses) — follow exactly

    UAF rose hip jelly (juice plus powdered pectin, processed 5 minutes in a boiling-water bath): an Extension recipe for Alaska’s wild roses, applied here to this species. Follow it exactly.

  • Syrup as researched: syrup/cordial; canning: no tested recipe — refrigerate or freeze

    Missouri Dept. of Conservation’s Wild Edibles gives rose hip syrup (wild roses in general); there is no tested canning process for it, so refrigerate or freeze it.

Canning: what this means

Shelf-stable canning, three levels. Lab-tested: a lab-tested recipe from the National Center for Home Food Preservation (NCHFP) or Oregon State covers this fruit and product, or a generic recipe for its kind (the line says so, for example chokeberry). Extension recipe: a published Extension recipe (University of Alaska Fairbanks, written for Alaska species; University of Maine’s dandelion jelly), or a process that is safe only with a pH meter; follow it exactly, never improvise. No tested recipe: refrigerate or freeze, don’t can. “Hot-bottled syrup” = maple and walnut syrup, which keep when bottled hot at full syrup density. The Canning line names the exact product each source covers, for example “whole berries” or “juice”; a product not named there (such as juice from a berry with only a whole-berry recipe) has no tested recipe.

Keeping basis: what this means

“Specific to this plant” or “general guidance for its type” (for example NCHFP guidance for leafy greens applied to a wild green).

Nutrition

How much of a day’s needs one standard serving (140 g) provides, using the FDA’s daily values and serving sizes. The FDA calls 20% or more “high” and 10–19% a “good source”. Every figure below is listed with its source; where the sources disagree, all of them are shown and no conclusion is drawn.

No nutrient measurements were found of the fresh part you eat.

Figures left out, and why (1 study; 1 with no figure used)

The calendar counts a study with no figure used here when one of its vitamin, mineral or dietary fiber figures was left out as a dried sample, another part, or for an unclear species, part or basis; figures given per amount of juice are not counted.

  • King & McClure 1944 (counted in the calendar): air-dried hips, dry-matter basis; crude fiber is a different measure from dietary fiber, the FDA daily value is for dietary fiber; no FDA daily value; protein: the FDA percent daily value for protein must be corrected for protein quality (PDCAAS, 21 CFR 101.9(c)(7)(ii)), which this analysis does not report; total fat has an FDA daily value, but the panels show only vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber
What was searched
  • Europe PMC: searched 2026-10-09, 43 records; 41 after removing duplicates across databases; 0 candidates by title and abstract; 0 read in full; 0 with figures used
  • PubMed: searched 2026-10-09, 24 records; 24 after removing duplicates across databases; 0 candidates by title and abstract; 0 read in full; 0 with figures used
  • OpenAlex: searched 2026-10-09, 145 records; 145 after removing duplicates across databases; 5 candidates by title and abstract; 0 read in full; 0 with figures used
  • Crossref: searched 2026-10-09, 98 records; 98 after removing duplicates across databases; 1 candidates by title and abstract; 0 read in full; 0 with figures used
  • J-STAGE (Japan): searched 2026-10-09, 286 records; 286 after removing duplicates across databases; 1 candidates by title and abstract; 1 read in full; 0 with figures used
  • USDA FoodData Central (online search): searched 2026-10-09, 1 records; 1 after removing duplicates across databases; 0 candidates by title and abstract; 0 read in full; 0 with figures used
  • USDA FoodData Central (downloaded SR Legacy 2018 and Foundation 2026 tables): searched 2026-10-09, 2 records; 2 after removing duplicates across databases; 0 candidates by title and abstract; 0 read in full; 0 with figures used
  • All databases together: 599 records from all databases, 529 unique, 7 candidates, 1 read, 0 used; 6 not read (paywalled 0, blocked automated access 5, not online 1)
  • KCI (Korea), CNKI (China), SciELO (Latin America), CORE, USDA’s AGRICOLA and PubAg, Google Scholar, and national food composition tables other than USDA’s: not searched (October 2026).

The counts are of papers new in this search. Sources found before this search (such as USDA’s entries) were not counted again.

Each database was searched for the plant’s scientific and common names together with nutrient words (composition, nutrient, vitamin, mineral, fiber, protein and others), in titles and abstracts only. Papers that don’t name the plant there, and words not on the list (such as fat, energy and moisture), were missed unless another paper led to them; the AI researchers found some that way.

Found but not read (6)

Collected in October 2026 by AI research agents, following written rules; the calendar’s figures were then checked independently.

Native or not

Origin
non-native
Native range
East Asia (eastern China, Korea, Japan)
Invader credit
★★★
Virginia invasive rank
High
Maryland invasive status
Advisory (MISC list)
Native or not, and the invader stars: what this means

Origin is where the plant comes from: native, non-native, or mixed (the harvest covers both). The stars rate plants on invasive plant lists: ★★★ Virginia DCR “High” or Maryland prohibited invasive · ★★ Virginia “Medium” · ★ Virginia “Low” · ☆ listed only by the Maryland Invasive Species Council or the Mid-Atlantic Plant Invaders guide (advisory) · no stars: native or not listed.

Virginia DCR, Virginia Invasive Plant Species List (effective September 2024), verbatim: "Under the DCR Invasive Species Assessment Protocol, approved by the Virginia Invasive Species Working Group, January 2024, species were ranked as exhibiting high, medium or low levels of invasiveness based on their threat to natural communities and native species. Invasiveness rank is higher for species that: • Alter ecosystem processes, such as succession, hydrology or fire regime. • Are capable of invading undisturbed natural communities. • Cause substantial impacts on rare or vulnerable species or natural communities or high-quality examples of more common communities. • Are found widely distributed and generally abundant where present. • Disperse readily to new areas. • Are difficult to control." The list also states: "The list is for educational purposes only and has no regulatory authority."

Maryland Department of Agriculture, Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant Law and Regulations page, verbatim: "Plants on the Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant List may not be added to stock after the effective date and should not be sold after their phase-out period ends."

No official DC invasive plant list was found.

How the ratings were set

Find
Common in the right habitat Estimate 3,785 = 3,205 research-grade iNaturalist sightings within 25 km + 564 needs-ID sightings counted at 86% (in the October 5 genus count, 3,206 of the 3,712 research-grade Rosa sightings here were multiflora rose) + 93 'cultivated' (planted) sightings (rule A); that is tier 1 by count (rule B). Rule C: none of its sources says it is common in, or a weed of, an everyday place (lawns, sidewalks, yards or gardens, vacant lots, towns), so it cannot be tier 1 (Everywhere). Final tier 2.
Effort
Quick kitchen prep Crush fresh or dried hips, steep 5-10 minutes for tea and strain through fine cloth to catch the seeds and hairs; seeding the tiny hips for jam is a 3.
Find: what this means

1 Everywhere · 2 Common in the right habitat · 3 Patchy · 4 Elusive. This is about how much there is, not whether you may pick it. It is based on iNaturalist sightings within 25 km (about 15 miles) of downtown DC, counted on October 3, 2026. The four rules that each plant’s “Find” reason refers to: (A) the estimate is the confirmed sightings, plus the unconfirmed ones (scaled down where the plant has lookalikes in its genus), plus the sightings marked as planted; (B) the tier by estimate: 1,500 or more is tier 1, 250–1,499 tier 2, 50–249 tier 3, under 50 tier 4; (C) tier 1, Everywhere, also needs a source saying the plant is common in lawns, sidewalks, yards or gardens, vacant lots or towns, or at least one DC street tree of it per km of sidewalk, otherwise it is tier 2; (D) if a reliable source says the plant is rare in this region, or that wild plants rarely bear the harvest, only planted sightings count. iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.

Effort: what this means

1 Grab & eat · 2 Quick kitchen prep (under about 30 minutes) · 3 Real work (hours, or cooking needed for safety) · 4 Project (days or equipment). Scored on the simplest worthwhile use; each plant’s page says why.

Sources

26 sources, each linked to the original.

  1. C&O Canal NHP Superintendent’s Compendium, effective September 11, 2026 National Park Service, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal NHPBacks up: picking rules
  2. Rock Creek Park Superintendent’s Compendium (2026) National Park Service, Rock Creek ParkBacks up: picking rules
  3. Multiflora Rose (Working Lands factsheet) Penn State, Department of Plant ScienceBacks up: description, picking rules
  4. iNaturalist research-grade observations of Rosa multiflora within 25 km of downtown DC iNaturalistBacks up: findability
  5. USDA PLANTS Database: Rosa multiflora (ROMU), native status USDA NRCSBacks up: native or invasive status
  6. Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas, Field Guide (Swearingen & Fulton, 2022; successor to the NPS/USFWS 5th ed., 2017) Mid-Atlantic Invasive Plant Council / Passiflora Press (hosted by Bugwood/Mid-Atlantic Invaders Tool)Backs up: native or invasive status
  7. Invasive Plant List (Tier 1, Tier 2 and 'Additional plants considered'; last updated January 19, 2023; superseded) Maryland Department of AgricultureBacks up: native or invasive status
  8. District of Columbia Wildlife Action Plan, Draft 2025 Update, Chapter 6: Threats DC Department of Energy & EnvironmentBacks up: native or invasive status
  9. Noxious Weeds in Maryland (8 designated noxious weeds) Maryland Department of AgricultureBacks up: native or invasive status
  10. Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant Law and Regulations (Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant List, updated January 2026; additions effective July 15, 2026; 'Next Plants To Be Assessed' 2026-2027) Maryland Department of Agriculture, Plant Protection & Weed ManagementBacks up: native or invasive status
  11. Non-Native Invasive Terrestrial Plant Species in the State of Maryland (updates approved through the April 18, 2024 MISC meeting) Maryland Invasive Species CouncilBacks up: native or invasive status
  12. Invasive Plants in the District DC Department of Energy & EnvironmentBacks up: native or invasive status
  13. Virginia Invasive Plant Species List (effective date: September 2024) Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural HeritageBacks up: native or invasive status, safety details
  14. Invasive Shrub Control University of Maryland ExtensionBacks up: safety details
  15. Non-Native Invasive Plant Species Control Treatments (Forestry Topic 31, Oct. 2018) Virginia Department of ForestryBacks up: safety details
  16. Integrated Pest Management Program Montgomery Parks (M-NCPPC)Backs up: safety details
  17. Rosa multiflora (Munger 2002), Fire Effects Information System USDA Forest Service, Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)Backs up: season
  18. Multiflora rose research-grade observations within 25 km of DC, by week (fruiting annotation) iNaturalistBacks up: season
  19. Multiflora Rose (field guide) Missouri Department of ConservationBacks up: season, description
  20. Invasive Plants in Northern Virginia: Multiflora Rose Master Gardeners of Northern Virginia / Virginia Cooperative ExtensionBacks up: season, description, habitat, picking rules
  21. Rosa multiflora (Multiflora Rose) NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxBacks up: season, description, habitat, picking rules, native or invasive status
  22. An Invasive Wild Edible Winter Rose (Jan 2, 2021) Natural History Society of MarylandBacks up: season, description, uses
  23. Multiflora Rose University of Maryland ExtensionBacks up: season, description, safety details
  24. Wild Roses (FNH-00114) University of Alaska Fairbanks Cooperative Extension ServiceBacks up: season, uses, safety, storage, keeping
  25. Wild Edibles of Missouri (Jan Phillips, 2nd ed.): rose hip jelly, jam, butter, syrup and soup Missouri Department of ConservationBacks up: uses
  26. The Incredible Edible Rose University of Illinois ExtensionBacks up: uses, safety