Preview. This site is being tested before the printed calendar is finished, and pages may still change. See the calendar (preview PDF)

A Forager’s Year

Not recommended. Not on the calendar. Read the safety warning first. Ways to use it, keeping and nutrition are left off this page.

drawing to come

Not on the calendar

Green arrow arum

Peltandra virginica

arrow arum, tuckahoe

Roots, bulbs & tubers rhizome (dried for months or roasted a day or more, as starch) - NOT RECOMMENDED

Find
Common in the right habitat
Effort
Real work
ID risk
Expert only
Origin
native
Safety marks
  • Deadly lookalike
  • Toxic parts
  • Cook first
  • Spray risk

Season

  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec

in season peak

Picking: No park we checked allows it. Anywhere else, ask whoever owns or runs the land. See Where you may pick.

What these mean

Find

1 Everywhere · 2 Common in the right habitat · 3 Patchy · 4 Elusive. This is about how much there is, not whether you may pick it. It is based on iNaturalist sightings within 25 km (about 15 miles) of downtown DC, counted on October 3, 2026. The four rules that each plant’s “Find” reason refers to: (A) the estimate is the confirmed sightings, plus the unconfirmed ones (scaled down where the plant has lookalikes in its genus), plus the sightings marked as planted; (B) the tier by estimate: 1,500 or more is tier 1, 250–1,499 tier 2, 50–249 tier 3, under 50 tier 4; (C) tier 1, Everywhere, also needs a source saying the plant is common in lawns, sidewalks, yards or gardens, vacant lots or towns, or at least one DC street tree of it per km of sidewalk, otherwise it is tier 2; (D) if a reliable source says the plant is rare in this region, or that wild plants rarely bear the harvest, only planted sightings count. iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.

Effort

1 Grab & eat · 2 Quick kitchen prep (under about 30 minutes) · 3 Real work (hours, or cooking needed for safety) · 4 Project (days or equipment). Scored on the simplest worthwhile use; each plant’s page says why.

ID risk

How hard it is to harvest safely. Beginner: no dangerous lookalike, and the edible part is not easily confused with a toxic part. Careful: a toxic lookalike, or toxic parts that end up in the harvest unless removed (for example elderberry stems, unripe ground cherries), or other parts of the plant rated medium-or-higher toxicity, with reliable features to separate them. Expert only: a potentially deadly lookalike that is hard to separate, or (for not-recommended harvests like pokeweed) a plant whose safe preparation can’t be guaranteed. Toxic parts that are obviously separate and thrown away anyway (pits, seeds, skins) don’t raise it; the Toxic parts mark carries that warning.

Native or not, and the invader stars

Origin is where the plant comes from: native, non-native, or mixed (the harvest covers both). The stars rate plants on invasive plant lists: ★★★ Virginia DCR “High” or Maryland prohibited invasive · ★★ Virginia “Medium” · ★ Virginia “Low” · ☆ listed only by the Maryland Invasive Species Council or the Mid-Atlantic Plant Invaders guide (advisory) · no stars: native or not listed.

Safety marks and flags

Deadly lookalike / Toxic lookalike: a cited source names a lookalike of that danger, recorded near DC (an iNaturalist sighting within 25 km, a DC street tree, or a Smithsonian listing for DC) and looking like the part you eat. Other lookalikes are still listed, marked “not recorded near DC” or as not looking like the part you eat. Deadly means a source says eating it may be fatal or calls it deadly, or NC State rates it high severity with life-threatening symptoms (sources sometimes disagree; for example Virginia creeper). Each plant’s Lookalikes list says how to tell them apart; “harmless (may be edible)” lookalikes are listed so you know a mix-up isn’t dangerous. Cook first: cooking is needed for safety (for daylilies it is a precaution, not a sourced requirement). Eat in moderation: a source says to limit quantity or frequency (for example oxalates in sorrels and dock, ginkgotoxin, safrole). Spray risk: a source says the plant is commonly treated with herbicide in parks or lawns (invasive control, lawn weeds) or, for ginkgo, sprayed to stop fruiting. Contamination: a source says the plant concentrates pollutants. Each plant’s Safety flags list gives the details and sources.

Seasons

Start, peak and end are given in thirds of a month: early, mid or late. A plant counts as in season for a month if it is in season at any point in that month. Some greens and roots have a second window, in spring or fall; their page shows each window. A season that runs across New Year is shown as one window.

Safety

NOT RECOMMENDED. The raw rhizome is poisonous: UF/IFAS Extension says the roots and foliage contain calcium oxalate crystals that can irritate the digestive tract, swell the throat and cause kidney failure, so months of drying and processing are needed before they are used as food. NC State rates arrow arum’s poison as medium severity, affecting the mouth and digestive tract, lists the flowers, leaves and stems as poisonous parts, and says thorough cooking or drying removes the calcium oxalate. Maryland’s state archaeology museum (Jefferson Patterson Park & Museum) says the crystals cause severe swelling and burning in the mouth and throat and that swallowing can be fatal. Eat The Weeds, a foraging site, dries peeled slices for a few months or roasts them for a day or more, and even then tests every batch by chewing a small piece on one side of the mouth for a full minute and waiting ten minutes for a burn; no safety source gives a way to confirm that a rhizome has been made safe. UF/IFAS Extension also warns never to eat field-collected plants, because many species look alike. Deadly lookalike: Italian arum, an invasive garden escape reported in DC, Maryland and Virginia, also has arrow-shaped leaves and a flower spike inside a leaf-like sheath (Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas); NC State rates it high severity, says eating any part can swell the throat and tongue and may cause death, and says touching it can irritate the skin. Italian arum’s glossy leaves have silver-gray or greenish-white veins, come up in late September or early October and stay through winter in mild climates (in colder ones they come up in spring), and its berries ripen orange-red (NC State; Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas); it grows in moist, shaded woods and woods edges (Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas). Arrow arum grows in shallow water and marsh mud, goes dormant in winter in the north (Eat The Weeds; NC State), and bears green to brown or blackish berries (NC State; Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center), so green arrow-shaped leaves seen in winter are not arrow arum. Broadleaf arrowhead (duck potato) and pickerelweed grow with arrow arum and are sometimes confused with it (UF/IFAS Extension); duck potato’s tubers are edible, and pickerelweed’s seeds and young leaves are edible, though its rhizome is not described as food (NC State). Arrowhead leaf veins spread from one point at the base, while arrow arum’s side veins branch from a central vein (UF/IFAS Extension); arrowhead has white, three-petaled flowers (Eat The Weeds), and pickerelweed has heart- or sword-shaped leaves and blue to purple flowers (UF/IFAS Extension; Chesapeake Bay Program). Fernald and Kinsey’s Edible Wild Plants of Eastern North America (1958) says golden club, a related water plant, has roots similar to arrow arum’s; golden club has unlobed leaves and a bare golden flower spike (Native Plant Trust; NC State), and NC State lists its roots as poisonous too. Texas A&M AgriLife Extension lists herbicides that control arrow arum in ponds, so ask the owner about spraying before digging. CDC says people most often catch the liver fluke Fasciola by eating raw watercress or other freshwater plants, another reason never to eat water plants raw. Virginia Cooperative Extension says to gather aquatic plants only from a clean water source, never to harvest them alone, and to wear a properly fitting life vest. Eat The Weeds suggests long, tough gloves for digging the roots by hand and gloves for peeling them, although NC State lists no skin reaction to arrow arum.

Lookalikes

Safety flags

Safety marks and flags: what this means

Deadly lookalike / Toxic lookalike: a cited source names a lookalike of that danger, recorded near DC (an iNaturalist sighting within 25 km, a DC street tree, or a Smithsonian listing for DC) and looking like the part you eat. Other lookalikes are still listed, marked “not recorded near DC” or as not looking like the part you eat. Deadly means a source says eating it may be fatal or calls it deadly, or NC State rates it high severity with life-threatening symptoms (sources sometimes disagree; for example Virginia creeper). Each plant’s Lookalikes list says how to tell them apart; “harmless (may be edible)” lookalikes are listed so you know a mix-up isn’t dangerous. Cook first: cooking is needed for safety (for daylilies it is a precaution, not a sourced requirement). Eat in moderation: a source says to limit quantity or frequency (for example oxalates in sorrels and dock, ginkgotoxin, safrole). Spray risk: a source says the plant is commonly treated with herbicide in parks or lawns (invasive control, lawn weeds) or, for ginkgo, sprayed to stop fruiting. Contamination: a source says the plant concentrates pollutants. Each plant’s Safety flags list gives the details and sources.

ID risk
Expert only
Why
The rhizome itself is poisonous until it has been dried for months or roasted for a day or more (UF/IFAS Extension; Eat The Weeds), and no source gives a check other than tasting for the burn, so safe preparation cannot be guaranteed. Deadly lookalike: Italian arum, invasive around DC, has arrow-shaped leaves too (Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas; NC State), but its glossy leaves have silver-gray or greenish-white veins and stay through winter in mild climates (NC State), and it grows in shaded woods (Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas), while arrow arum grows in water and is dormant in winter. Duck potato (edible tubers) and pickerelweed (harmless) are also confused with it: duck potato leaf veins radiate from one point, and pickerelweed has heart- or sword-shaped leaves and blue to purple flowers (UF/IFAS Extension). Golden club, a related water plant with similar roots (Fernald and Kinsey, 1958), has unlobed leaves and a bare golden flower spike (Native Plant Trust; NC State).
Handling hazards
Irritant sap/pulp (minor)
Soil risk
higher
ID risk: what this means

How hard it is to harvest safely. Beginner: no dangerous lookalike, and the edible part is not easily confused with a toxic part. Careful: a toxic lookalike, or toxic parts that end up in the harvest unless removed (for example elderberry stems, unripe ground cherries), or other parts of the plant rated medium-or-higher toxicity, with reliable features to separate them. Expert only: a potentially deadly lookalike that is hard to separate, or (for not-recommended harvests like pokeweed) a plant whose safe preparation can’t be guaranteed. Toxic parts that are obviously separate and thrown away anyway (pits, seeds, skins) don’t raise it; the Toxic parts mark carries that warning.

Handling hazards: what this means

Stings, thorns, irritating or phototoxic sap, staining hulls and spiny husks, with a severity: minor = brief discomfort; moderate = rash or blisters lasting days; serious = burns, scarring or medical care possible.

Soil risk: what this means

Based on the part you eat, following the urban-soil lead guidance on the Field safety page: higher for greens, shoots and roots; moderate for flowers; low for fruit, nuts and sap.

Field safety for every outing (poison ivy, ticks, soil, and more)

What it looks like

The starchy rhizome of green arrow arum, a native water plant of the arum family with large, glossy, arrowhead-shaped leaves (NC State) on long, succulent stalks (Jefferson Patterson Park & Museum). The leaves have prominent veins down the middle and along the edge (Chesapeake Bay Program). In spring, greenish-white or yellow flowers appear on a spike hidden behind a light green sheath (NC State), followed by a cluster of green to brown berries (NC State). The rhizome is thick and grows horizontally a foot or more down in wet soil, covered in rootlets and fine hair-like roots, and it can be a chore to dig up (Eat The Weeds). Native Americans of the region, including the Nanticoke and the Powhatans, dried the starchy rootstalk to make breads and soups (Jefferson Patterson Park & Museum; Chesapeake Bay Program), but only after considerable processing to remove the compounds that burn the mouth when the plant is eaten raw (Native Plant Trust).

When to pick

Starts
mid Oct
Peak
early Mar–late Mar
Ends
early Apr

Shown only to record when the traditional dig happens; not recommended. Eat The Weeds says the rhizome can be dug year round but is best in early spring before the new growth or in fall after the season’s growth, and that in the north the plant goes dormant in winter. Around DC the first leaves are logged on iNaturalist in early April and the last in early November. No source gives dates for the DC area, so all three boundaries are estimates.

How the dates were worked out

Every start, peak and end was re-checked in October 2026. “Sourced” means a source opened during the check states that timing for the DC or Mid-Atlantic area. “Estimated” means no source states it exactly; the reason, the evidence and the source links are under “How the dates were worked out” on each plant’s page. Peaks are often estimated, because few sources name a peak. iNaturalist evidence means research-grade sightings near DC, by month, of the plant at that stage (for example, in fruit). iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.

Season basis: estimated: start, peak, end

Start

estimated: No source dates the fall dig for the DC area; mid October is when sightings start to fall as the season’s growth ends, the fall that Eat The Weeds calls one of the two best times.

Peak

estimated: No source names a best month for the DC area; March is the early spring before new growth appears here. Eat The Weeds calls fall equally good, which the window covers.

End

estimated: No source gives an end date; early April is when new leaves come up around DC.

Evidence

start: Eat The Weeds: 'Year round though best in early spring before seasonal growth or fall after seasonal growth.' iNaturalist: research-grade DC-area sightings fall from 28 in September and 24 in October to 3 in November; the last leaves are logged in early November (weeks 44-45). | peak: Eat The Weeds: 'best in early spring before seasonal growth'. iNaturalist: the first research-grade leaves of the year are logged in early April (week 14: 1, week 15: 5, week 16: 8). | end: Eat The Weeds: 'best in early spring before seasonal growth'. iNaturalist: leaves first logged in early April (weeks 14-16), then 99 in week 17.

Where to look

Shallow water of tidal marshes, ponds and stream edges; logged most on Theodore Roosevelt Island, at Kenilworth Aquatic Gardens, along the C&O Canal and the Mount Vernon Trail, and at Dyke Marsh, but all of these ban picking, so dig only on private land with the owner’s permission, in clean water.

Habitats
floodplain & stream-valley forest, wetlands, marshes & pond edges
Habitats: what this means

Listed where the plant’s own sources place it in that habitat. “Disturbed ground & waste places” means a cited source places it on disturbed areas, sites, soil or ground, on waste places or waste ground, on construction or abandoned building sites (old home sites count), on rubble or in strip mines. When the source gives examples of the disturbed places, at least one example must be of that kind. Examples that do not count: natural or forestry disturbance (treefall gaps, fire, windthrow, flood scour, old riverbanks and creeks, clear-cuts); roadsides, railroads and rights-of-way; and abandoned fields, pastures and farmland, which are “Old fields & meadows”. “Vacant lots” only where a source says vacant or empty lots.

Most-logged places

None of the most-logged places allows picking.

No picking here (5 places)
  • Theodore Roosevelt Island

    41 sightings · Legal to pick: no · see them on iNaturalist

    Look but don’t pick: GW Memorial Parkway sites (incl. Great Falls VA, Theodore Roosevelt Island, Dyke Marsh) designate nothing for gathering.

  • Kenilworth Park & Aquatic Gardens

    29 sightings · Legal to pick: no · see them on iNaturalist

    Look but don’t pick: Kenilworth is a NACE site that is not on the compendium’s list of gathering areas.

  • C&O Canal NHP (towpath, Georgetown to Great Falls MD and beyond)

    28 sightings · Legal to pick: no · see them on iNaturalist

    Look but don’t pick: the C&O Canal compendium covers only edible fruits, nuts, berries and mushrooms, and NPS parks can never designate leaves, flowers, roots or sap. Of these, 1 is at Carderock.

  • Mount Vernon Trail

    22 sightings · Legal to pick: no · see them on iNaturalist

    Look but don’t pick: GW Memorial Parkway sites (incl. Great Falls VA, Theodore Roosevelt Island, Dyke Marsh) designate nothing for gathering.

  • Dyke Marsh Wildlife Preserve

    19 sightings · Legal to pick: no · see them on iNaturalist

    Look but don’t pick: GW Memorial Parkway sites (incl. Great Falls VA, Theodore Roosevelt Island, Dyke Marsh) designate nothing for gathering.

Most-logged places: what this means

The places with the most research-grade iNaturalist sightings within 25 km of downtown DC (re-counted in October 2026 over every named place, campuses, condominiums and private grounds included), each marked legal to pick or not. A sighting inside several named places counts once, for the smallest of them, but a sighting inside a National Park Service park never counts for a private, campus or unchecked place. iNaturalist shows where people walk and log plants, not true abundance. Private campuses, condominiums, museums, estates and utility land (Pepco’s power-line land near Sligo Creek) are marked “no” (pick only with the owner’s permission); public university campuses, city parks and other places whose picking rules were not checked (county stormwater land, the U.S. Capitol Grounds, Greenbelt’s North Woods, federal facilities such as the National Zoo) are “unknown”. A place needs at least 2 sightings, so plants with very few sightings have no places. At-risk plants (butternut, nannyberry, American chestnut, ramps, riverbank goldenrod) get places like every other plant; each page says why the plant is at risk and gives any advice its sources give. For some places, mostly Rock Creek Park, the iNaturalist map shows more sightings than the count here, because a map link cannot leave out exactly the sightings credited to another place. iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.

Native or not

Origin
native
Native range
eastern Canada and the eastern and central United States (per NC State)
Virginia invasive rank
not listed
Maryland invasive status
not listed
Native or not, and the invader stars: what this means

Origin is where the plant comes from: native, non-native, or mixed (the harvest covers both). The stars rate plants on invasive plant lists: ★★★ Virginia DCR “High” or Maryland prohibited invasive · ★★ Virginia “Medium” · ★ Virginia “Low” · ☆ listed only by the Maryland Invasive Species Council or the Mid-Atlantic Plant Invaders guide (advisory) · no stars: native or not listed.

Virginia DCR, Virginia Invasive Plant Species List (effective September 2024), verbatim: "Under the DCR Invasive Species Assessment Protocol, approved by the Virginia Invasive Species Working Group, January 2024, species were ranked as exhibiting high, medium or low levels of invasiveness based on their threat to natural communities and native species. Invasiveness rank is higher for species that: • Alter ecosystem processes, such as succession, hydrology or fire regime. • Are capable of invading undisturbed natural communities. • Cause substantial impacts on rare or vulnerable species or natural communities or high-quality examples of more common communities. • Are found widely distributed and generally abundant where present. • Disperse readily to new areas. • Are difficult to control." The list also states: "The list is for educational purposes only and has no regulatory authority."

Maryland Department of Agriculture, Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant Law and Regulations page, verbatim: "Plants on the Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant List may not be added to stock after the effective date and should not be sold after their phase-out period ends."

No official DC invasive plant list was found.

How the ratings were set

Find
Common in the right habitat Estimate 698 = 357 research-grade iNaturalist sightings within 25 km + 336 needs-ID sightings counted in full (green arrow arum is the only Peltandra with research-grade sightings here) + 5 'cultivated' (planted) sightings (rule A); that is tier 2 by count (rule B). Rule D does not apply: the Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora says it is "rare in the mountains", but the 25 km circle lies in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain, where the same atlas calls it "Common in the Coastal Plain; infrequent to locally common in the Piedmont". Final tier 2.
Effort
Real work
Find: what this means

1 Everywhere · 2 Common in the right habitat · 3 Patchy · 4 Elusive. This is about how much there is, not whether you may pick it. It is based on iNaturalist sightings within 25 km (about 15 miles) of downtown DC, counted on October 3, 2026. The four rules that each plant’s “Find” reason refers to: (A) the estimate is the confirmed sightings, plus the unconfirmed ones (scaled down where the plant has lookalikes in its genus), plus the sightings marked as planted; (B) the tier by estimate: 1,500 or more is tier 1, 250–1,499 tier 2, 50–249 tier 3, under 50 tier 4; (C) tier 1, Everywhere, also needs a source saying the plant is common in lawns, sidewalks, yards or gardens, vacant lots or towns, or at least one DC street tree of it per km of sidewalk, otherwise it is tier 2; (D) if a reliable source says the plant is rare in this region, or that wild plants rarely bear the harvest, only planted sightings count. iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.

Effort: what this means

1 Grab & eat · 2 Quick kitchen prep (under about 30 minutes) · 3 Real work (hours, or cooking needed for safety) · 4 Project (days or equipment). Scored on the simplest worthwhile use; each plant’s page says why.

Sources

29 sources, each linked to the original.

  1. Rock Creek Park Superintendent’s Compendium National Park ServiceBacks up: picking rules
  2. 36 CFR 2.1 - Preservation of natural, cultural and archeological resources Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School (text of federal regulation)Backs up: picking rules
  3. Peltandra virginica (green arrow-arum), Go Botany Native Plant TrustBacks up: description
  4. Arrow Arum (Chesapeake Bay field guide) Chesapeake Bay ProgramBacks up: description, habitat, safety
  5. Peltandra virginica (Green Arrow-arum, Tuckahoe) NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxBacks up: description, habitat, safety, native or invasive status
  6. Arrow Arum (Tuckahoe) (Education: Plants), archived copy of October 19, 2019 Jefferson Patterson Park & Museum (Maryland Historical Trust, the State Museum of Archaeology), via the Internet ArchiveBacks up: description, safety
  7. Tuckahoe, Arrow Arum: Peltandra virginica, Starch Storer (Green Deane) Eat The WeedsBacks up: description, uses, season, safety
  8. iNaturalist research-grade observations of Peltandra virginica within 25 km of downtown DC iNaturalistBacks up: findability
  9. Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Washington-Baltimore Area, Part II: Monocotyledons (Shetler & Orli, 2002) Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of BotanyBacks up: habitat
  10. Peltandra virginica (L.) Schott (Arrow-arum, Tuckahoe) (Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora) Virginia Botanical Associates (Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora)Backs up: habitat, findability
  11. USDA PLANTS Database: Peltandra virginica (PEVI), native status USDA NRCSBacks up: native or invasive status
  12. Virginia Invasive Plant Species List (effective date: September 2024) Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural HeritageBacks up: native or invasive status
  13. Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant Law and Regulations (Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant List, updated January 2026; additions effective July 15, 2026; 'Next Plants To Be Assessed' 2026-2027) Maryland Department of Agriculture, Plant Protection & Weed ManagementBacks up: native or invasive status
  14. Non-Native Invasive Terrestrial Plant Species in the State of Maryland (updates approved through the April 18, 2024 MISC meeting) Maryland Invasive Species CouncilBacks up: native or invasive status
  15. Invasive Plants in the District DC Department of Energy & EnvironmentBacks up: native or invasive status
  16. Peltandra virginica (Green arrow arum) Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, University of Texas at AustinBacks up: safety
  17. Arrowhead, Sagittaria spp. (Publication 3735-17; Neal, Riecke & Turnage) Mississippi State University Extension ServiceBacks up: safety
  18. Arum italicum (Italian Arum, Italian Lords-and-Ladies) NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxBacks up: safety
  19. Sagittaria latifolia (Broad-leaved Arrowhead, Duck Potato, Wapato) NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxBacks up: safety
  20. Pontederia cordata (Pickerelweed) NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxBacks up: safety
  21. Orontium aquaticum (Golden Club, Never-wet) NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxBacks up: safety
  22. Orontium aquaticum (golden club), Go Botany Native Plant TrustBacks up: safety
  23. How to Control Green Arrow Arum (AquaPlant), archived copy of April 17, 2026 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service (AquaPlant), via the Internet ArchiveBacks up: safety
  24. About Liver Flukes U.S. Centers for Disease Control and PreventionBacks up: safety
  25. Edible Aquatic Plants in Farm Ponds (CNRE-127NP; Crosby, Nerrie & Gregg, 2021, reviewed 2026) Virginia Cooperative Extension (Virginia Tech and Virginia State University)Backs up: safety
  26. Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas, Field Guide (Swearingen & Fulton, 2022), Italian arum, pp. 59-60 Mid-Atlantic Invasive Plant Council / Passiflora Press (hosted by Bugwood)Backs up: safety, native or invasive status
  27. iNaturalist research-grade observations of Peltandra virginica within 25 km of Washington, DC, by month (all observations) iNaturalistBacks up: season
  28. iNaturalist research-grade observations of Peltandra virginica within 25 km of Washington, DC, by week (all observations) iNaturalistBacks up: season
  29. Native Aquatic and Wetland Plants: Arrow Arum, Peltandra virginica (SS-AGR-396/AG400; Moore, Fisher, Della Torre & Gettys, 2015, revised 2021) University of Florida IFAS Extension (EDIS)Backs up: uses, safety, keeping