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A Forager’s Year

Not recommended. Not on the calendar. Read the safety warning first. Ways to use it, keeping and nutrition are left off this page.

drawing to come

Not on the calendar

Kentucky coffeetree

Gymnocladus dioicus

Kentucky coffee tree, coffeetree

Nut & seed seeds, thoroughly roasted and ground (coffee substitute)

Find
Patchy
Effort
Real work
ID risk
Expert only
Origin
native
Safety marks
  • Toxic parts
  • Cook first

Season

  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec

in season peak

Picking: The rules are unclear. Ask the park. See Where you may pick.

What these mean

Find

1 Everywhere · 2 Common in the right habitat · 3 Patchy · 4 Elusive. This is about how much there is, not whether you may pick it. It is based on iNaturalist sightings within 25 km (about 15 miles) of downtown DC, counted on October 3, 2026. The four rules that each plant’s “Find” reason refers to: (A) the estimate is the confirmed sightings, plus the unconfirmed ones (scaled down where the plant has lookalikes in its genus), plus the sightings marked as planted; (B) the tier by estimate: 1,500 or more is tier 1, 250–1,499 tier 2, 50–249 tier 3, under 50 tier 4; (C) tier 1, Everywhere, also needs a source saying the plant is common in lawns, sidewalks, yards or gardens, vacant lots or towns, or at least one DC street tree of it per km of sidewalk, otherwise it is tier 2; (D) if a reliable source says the plant is rare in this region, or that wild plants rarely bear the harvest, only planted sightings count. iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.

Effort

1 Grab & eat · 2 Quick kitchen prep (under about 30 minutes) · 3 Real work (hours, or cooking needed for safety) · 4 Project (days or equipment). Scored on the simplest worthwhile use; each plant’s page says why.

ID risk

How hard it is to harvest safely. Beginner: no dangerous lookalike, and the edible part is not easily confused with a toxic part. Careful: a toxic lookalike, or toxic parts that end up in the harvest unless removed (for example elderberry stems, unripe ground cherries), or other parts of the plant rated medium-or-higher toxicity, with reliable features to separate them. Expert only: a potentially deadly lookalike that is hard to separate, or (for not-recommended harvests like pokeweed) a plant whose safe preparation can’t be guaranteed. Toxic parts that are obviously separate and thrown away anyway (pits, seeds, skins) don’t raise it; the Toxic parts mark carries that warning.

Native or not, and the invader stars

Origin is where the plant comes from: native, non-native, or mixed (the harvest covers both). The stars rate plants on invasive plant lists: ★★★ Virginia DCR “High” or Maryland prohibited invasive · ★★ Virginia “Medium” · ★ Virginia “Low” · ☆ listed only by the Maryland Invasive Species Council or the Mid-Atlantic Plant Invaders guide (advisory) · no stars: native or not listed.

Safety marks and flags

Deadly lookalike / Toxic lookalike: a cited source names a lookalike of that danger, recorded near DC (an iNaturalist sighting within 25 km, a DC street tree, or a Smithsonian listing for DC) and looking like the part you eat. Other lookalikes are still listed, marked “not recorded near DC” or as not looking like the part you eat. Deadly means a source says eating it may be fatal or calls it deadly, or NC State rates it high severity with life-threatening symptoms (sources sometimes disagree; for example Virginia creeper). Each plant’s Lookalikes list says how to tell them apart; “harmless (may be edible)” lookalikes are listed so you know a mix-up isn’t dangerous. Cook first: cooking is needed for safety (for daylilies it is a precaution, not a sourced requirement). Eat in moderation: a source says to limit quantity or frequency (for example oxalates in sorrels and dock, ginkgotoxin, safrole). Spray risk: a source says the plant is commonly treated with herbicide in parks or lawns (invasive control, lawn weeds) or, for ginkgo, sprayed to stop fruiting. Contamination: a source says the plant concentrates pollutants. Each plant’s Safety flags list gives the details and sources.

Seasons

Start, peak and end are given in thirds of a month: early, mid or late. A plant counts as in season for a month if it is in season at any point in that month. Some greens and roots have a second window, in spring or fall; their page shows each window. A season that runs across New Year is shown as one window.

Safety

Raw Kentucky coffeetree seeds are poisonous: NC State says the seeds are toxic if eaten raw, and the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center says raw seeds are poisonous. NC State and USDA NRCS say the leaves, seeds and the pulp around the seeds are poisonous to people, pets and livestock, and the Morton Arboretum says the leaves and seeds are poisonous. The poison is usually named as the alkaloid cytisine (NC State; University of Kentucky Extension), but USDA NRCS reports that researchers at Indiana State University could not confirm cytisine and found a single major alkaloid in many parts of the tree. NC State rates the poison severity as low but lists stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, irregular pulse and coma among the symptoms. The Cincinnati Drug and Poison Information Center lists Kentucky coffee tree seeds among plants reported to cause toxic effects when eaten. Roasting is the only preparation the sources give: NC State says roasted and ground seeds may be used to make a coffee-like drink, and USDA NRCS and University of Kentucky Extension say the alkaloid is thought to be neutralized by roasting; no source reports a test showing that roasting makes the seeds safe. A peer-reviewed article on the drink (Spaeth and Thieret, Sida, 2004) quotes a toxicology handbook that "The toxin is heat labile" and that parched seeds are not toxic, but also quotes a book on poisonous plants that "Only a few cases of human poisoning have been reported" from eating the seeds or using them to make a coffee substitute, and its authors do not recommend the coffee until more is known about the poisonous compounds in the seeds. USDA NRCS adds that hydrocyanic acid has been suggested as a possible toxin, which can be destroyed by thoroughly heating the beans for at least three hours at 150°C (about 300°F). The sticky pulp around the seeds is poisonous too, so none of it should go into the roast (NC State; USDA NRCS). USDA NRCS says cattle have reportedly died after drinking from pools of water fouled by fallen leaves and seeds, and that there is at least one anecdotal report of a human poisoning. NC State flags the tree as a problem for children, dogs and cats. Harmless lookalike: honeylocust, whose pods hold a sweet pulp that is edible (NC State). NC State warns that the coffeetree’s pulp can be mistaken for honeylocust’s sweet, non-toxic pulp. Honeylocust pods are reddish-brown, twisted and 12 to 18 inches long, and wild honeylocusts have stout, branched thorns on the trunk and branches (NC State); Kentucky coffeetree pods are thick and woody, up to 10 inches long and 1 to 3 inches wide, with 4 to 7 hard, dark brown seeds (NC State; USDA NRCS).

Lookalikes

  • Honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos harmless (may be edible)

    NC State warns that the pulp between Kentucky coffeetree seeds can be mistaken for the sweet, non-toxic pulp of honeylocust, whose pulp is edible raw or cooked. Honeylocust pods are reddish-brown, twisted and flat, 12 to 18 inches long, and the trunk and branches of wild trees have stout thorns up to 3 inches long with one or three branches, though thornless varieties are planted (NC State). Kentucky coffeetree pods are thick and woody, up to 10 inches long and 1 to 3 inches wide, with 4 to 7 hard, dark brown seeds in a sticky pulp that is poisonous (NC State; USDA NRCS).

Safety flags

Safety marks and flags: what this means

Deadly lookalike / Toxic lookalike: a cited source names a lookalike of that danger, recorded near DC (an iNaturalist sighting within 25 km, a DC street tree, or a Smithsonian listing for DC) and looking like the part you eat. Other lookalikes are still listed, marked “not recorded near DC” or as not looking like the part you eat. Deadly means a source says eating it may be fatal or calls it deadly, or NC State rates it high severity with life-threatening symptoms (sources sometimes disagree; for example Virginia creeper). Each plant’s Lookalikes list says how to tell them apart; “harmless (may be edible)” lookalikes are listed so you know a mix-up isn’t dangerous. Cook first: cooking is needed for safety (for daylilies it is a precaution, not a sourced requirement). Eat in moderation: a source says to limit quantity or frequency (for example oxalates in sorrels and dock, ginkgotoxin, safrole). Spray risk: a source says the plant is commonly treated with herbicide in parks or lawns (invasive control, lawn weeds) or, for ginkgo, sprayed to stop fruiting. Contamination: a source says the plant concentrates pollutants. Each plant’s Safety flags list gives the details and sources.

ID risk
Expert only
Why
The tree is easy to recognize, so the risk is not a lookalike: the raw seeds and the pulp are poisonous, and the sources say only that the poison is thought to be neutralized by roasting (USDA NRCS; University of Kentucky Extension), so safe use cannot be guaranteed. The one named lookalike, honeylocust, is harmless: its pods are twisted and 12 to 18 inches long with an edible sweet pulp, while coffeetree pods are thick, woody and up to 10 inches long with hard seeds (NC State).
Soil risk
low
ID risk: what this means

How hard it is to harvest safely. Beginner: no dangerous lookalike, and the edible part is not easily confused with a toxic part. Careful: a toxic lookalike, or toxic parts that end up in the harvest unless removed (for example elderberry stems, unripe ground cherries), or other parts of the plant rated medium-or-higher toxicity, with reliable features to separate them. Expert only: a potentially deadly lookalike that is hard to separate, or (for not-recommended harvests like pokeweed) a plant whose safe preparation can’t be guaranteed. Toxic parts that are obviously separate and thrown away anyway (pits, seeds, skins) don’t raise it; the Toxic parts mark carries that warning.

Soil risk: what this means

Based on the part you eat, following the urban-soil lead guidance on the Field safety page: higher for greens, shoots and roots; moderate for flowers; low for fruit, nuts and sap.

Field safety for every outing (poison ivy, ticks, soil, and more)

What it looks like

A large native tree of the legume (pea) family, 60 to 80 feet tall with an oval, open or irregular crown (NC State). Its twice-compound leaves are the largest of any native tree, up to 3 feet long and 2 feet wide (USDA NRCS; NC State); they come out late in spring, pinkish-bronze at first, and drop early in fall, so the coarse branches stand bare much of the year (NC State; USDA NRCS). The bark is grayish brown with deep fissures and scaly ridges, and the stout twigs zigzag and carry large heart-shaped leaf scars (NC State). Male and female flowers grow on separate trees, and only female trees bear pods (NC State). The pods are thick, woody and reddish-brown or purplish-brown, up to 10 inches long and 1 to 3 inches wide; they ripen in fall and usually hang on the tree through winter (NC State; USDA NRCS). Each pod holds 4 to 7 hard, smooth, somewhat flat dark brown seeds, about 1/2 inch long and 5/8 inch wide, set in a sticky pulp (NC State). Several cultivars sold for planting, including 'Espresso', 'Stately Manor' and 'J. C. McDaniel' (Prairie Titan), are male trees that produce no fruit (NC State). The drink brewed from the roasted seeds has no caffeine (NC State); University of Kentucky Extension says early settlers found it drinkable but dropped it as soon as real coffee became available.

When to pick

Starts
early Oct
Peak
early Nov–late Nov
Ends
mid Apr

No Maryland, Virginia or DC source gives dates for the pods. USDA NRCS says the pod ripens in September or October and usually hangs unopened on the tree until late winter or early spring, and that the pods drop from late fall into winter. NC State says the pods mature in fall and persist through winter. University of Kentucky Extension says ripe pods can be gathered in late fall but are much faster and easier to collect from the ground the following April. Near DC, iNaturalist sightings marked as fruiting fall mostly between October and mid-March. Only female trees bear pods (NC State).

How the dates were worked out

Every start, peak and end was re-checked in October 2026. “Sourced” means a source opened during the check states that timing for the DC or Mid-Atlantic area. “Estimated” means no source states it exactly; the reason, the evidence and the source links are under “How the dates were worked out” on each plant’s page. Peaks are often estimated, because few sources name a peak. iNaturalist evidence means research-grade sightings near DC, by month, of the plant at that stage (for example, in fruit). iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.

Season basis: estimated: start, peak, end

Start

estimated: No DC-area source dates ripening. USDA’s range is national; early October is the first time ripe pods can be expected here, and the one August fruiting record comes before USDA’s ripening months.

Peak

estimated: No source names a peak. November is when the pods are ripe and begin to fall; shaking street trees is not allowed, so fallen pods are the harvest.

End

estimated: Kentucky’s April ground collection and USDA’s 'early spring' point to April; local fruiting records stop in mid-March, so mid-April is the cautious end.

Evidence

start: USDA NRCS (national plant guide, Kansas): the pod 'ripens in September or October and usually persists unopened on the tree until late winter or early spring.' NC State: 'They mature in the fall and persist through the winter.' iNaturalist, 25 km, research grade, fruiting annotation by month: Aug 1, Oct 1, Dec 1, Jan 2, Feb 2, Mar 2. | peak: USDA NRCS: pods 'abscise differentially from late fall into winter' and 'may be collected from the ground'. University of Kentucky Extension: 'One can gather ripe pods from trees in late fall by carefully shaking the branches.' | end: USDA NRCS: persists 'until late winter or early spring'. University of Kentucky Extension (Kentucky): 'It is much faster and easier to collect ripe pods from the ground the following April.' iNaturalist, 25 km, verifiable fruiting sightings: the latest in the season are Mar 15, 2023 (Rockville) and Mar 18, 2026 (Washington National Cathedral).

Where to look

Mostly planted street and park trees: DC’s street-tree inventory lists 2,772, most of them in Wards 7, 8, 4 and 6, but 511 are fruitless male cultivars and only female trees bear pods. Logged most in Norwood Local Park and Wheaton Regional Park (Montgomery parks: look only), Rockville Civic Center Park (picking rules not checked), Theodore Roosevelt Island (look only) and the US National Arboretum (ask first). No DDOT rule addresses picking up pods under street trees, so never climb, shake or damage the tree. The C&O Canal and Virginia state parks allow edible nuts generally but may or may not count these seeds, so they are ambiguous there (ask the park).

Habitats
street & yard trees (planted), floodplain & stream-valley forest, upland oak-hickory woods
Habitats: what this means

Listed where the plant’s own sources place it in that habitat. “Disturbed ground & waste places” means a cited source places it on disturbed areas, sites, soil or ground, on waste places or waste ground, on construction or abandoned building sites (old home sites count), on rubble or in strip mines. When the source gives examples of the disturbed places, at least one example must be of that kind. Examples that do not count: natural or forestry disturbance (treefall gaps, fire, windthrow, flood scour, old riverbanks and creeks, clear-cuts); roadsides, railroads and rights-of-way; and abandoned fields, pastures and farmland, which are “Old fields & meadows”. “Vacant lots” only where a source says vacant or empty lots.

Most-logged places

None of the most-logged places allows picking.

Ask first: rules unclear or not checked

  • Rockville Civic Center Park

    6 sightings · Legal to pick: unknown · see them on iNaturalist

    Picking rules not checked.

  • United States National Arboretum

    4 sightings · Legal to pick: unknown · see them on iNaturalist

    Picking rules not checked. A federal facility, so ask before picking anything.

No picking here (3 places)
  • Norwood Local Park

    8 sightings · Legal to pick: no · see them on iNaturalist

    Look but don’t pick: Montgomery/Prince George’s parks (M-NCPPC) ban harvesting vegetation without a permit.

  • Wheaton Regional Park

    8 sightings · Legal to pick: no · see them on iNaturalist

    Look but don’t pick: Montgomery/Prince George’s parks (M-NCPPC) ban harvesting vegetation without a permit.

  • Theodore Roosevelt Island

    6 sightings · Legal to pick: no · see them on iNaturalist

    Look but don’t pick: GW Memorial Parkway sites (incl. Great Falls VA, Theodore Roosevelt Island, Dyke Marsh) designate nothing for gathering.

Most-logged places: what this means

The places with the most research-grade iNaturalist sightings within 25 km of downtown DC (re-counted in October 2026 over every named place, campuses, condominiums and private grounds included), each marked legal to pick or not. A sighting inside several named places counts once, for the smallest of them, but a sighting inside a National Park Service park never counts for a private, campus or unchecked place. iNaturalist shows where people walk and log plants, not true abundance. Private campuses, condominiums, museums, estates and utility land (Pepco’s power-line land near Sligo Creek) are marked “no” (pick only with the owner’s permission); public university campuses, city parks and other places whose picking rules were not checked (county stormwater land, the U.S. Capitol Grounds, Greenbelt’s North Woods, federal facilities such as the National Zoo) are “unknown”. A place needs at least 2 sightings, so plants with very few sightings have no places. At-risk plants (butternut, nannyberry, American chestnut, ramps, riverbank goldenrod) get places like every other plant; each page says why the plant is at risk and gives any advice its sources give. For some places, mostly Rock Creek Park, the iNaturalist map shows more sightings than the count here, because a map link cannot leave out exactly the sightings credited to another place. iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.

Native or not

Native, but the Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora says it is native in Virginia only in the southwest and that plants elsewhere in the state are plantings or escapes from them.

Origin
native
Native range
southeastern Canada to the central and eastern United States
Virginia invasive rank
not listed
Maryland invasive status
not listed
Native or not, and the invader stars: what this means

Origin is where the plant comes from: native, non-native, or mixed (the harvest covers both). The stars rate plants on invasive plant lists: ★★★ Virginia DCR “High” or Maryland prohibited invasive · ★★ Virginia “Medium” · ★ Virginia “Low” · ☆ listed only by the Maryland Invasive Species Council or the Mid-Atlantic Plant Invaders guide (advisory) · no stars: native or not listed.

Virginia DCR, Virginia Invasive Plant Species List (effective September 2024), verbatim: "Under the DCR Invasive Species Assessment Protocol, approved by the Virginia Invasive Species Working Group, January 2024, species were ranked as exhibiting high, medium or low levels of invasiveness based on their threat to natural communities and native species. Invasiveness rank is higher for species that: • Alter ecosystem processes, such as succession, hydrology or fire regime. • Are capable of invading undisturbed natural communities. • Cause substantial impacts on rare or vulnerable species or natural communities or high-quality examples of more common communities. • Are found widely distributed and generally abundant where present. • Disperse readily to new areas. • Are difficult to control." The list also states: "The list is for educational purposes only and has no regulatory authority."

Maryland Department of Agriculture, Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant Law and Regulations page, verbatim: "Plants on the Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant List may not be added to stock after the effective date and should not be sold after their phase-out period ends."

No official DC invasive plant list was found.

How the ratings were set

Find
Patchy Estimate 283 = 89 research-grade iNaturalist sightings within 25 km + 67 needs-ID sightings counted in full (Kentucky coffeetree is the only Gymnocladus with research-grade sightings here) + 127 'cultivated' (planted) sightings (rule A); that is tier 2 by count (rule B). Rule D (scarce here): the Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora says "Infrequent to rare, scattered throughout the state; native only to sw. Virginia." So only its planted sightings count: 127, which is tier 3. Only female trees bear the pods. DC’s street-tree inventory lists 2,772 living Kentucky coffeetrees, 511 of them the fruitless male cultivars 'Espresso' and 'Stately Manor', and the 'cultivated' iNaturalist records include male trees, so the estimate counts trees, not pod-bearing trees. Final tier 3.
Effort
Real work
Find: what this means

1 Everywhere · 2 Common in the right habitat · 3 Patchy · 4 Elusive. This is about how much there is, not whether you may pick it. It is based on iNaturalist sightings within 25 km (about 15 miles) of downtown DC, counted on October 3, 2026. The four rules that each plant’s “Find” reason refers to: (A) the estimate is the confirmed sightings, plus the unconfirmed ones (scaled down where the plant has lookalikes in its genus), plus the sightings marked as planted; (B) the tier by estimate: 1,500 or more is tier 1, 250–1,499 tier 2, 50–249 tier 3, under 50 tier 4; (C) tier 1, Everywhere, also needs a source saying the plant is common in lawns, sidewalks, yards or gardens, vacant lots or towns, or at least one DC street tree of it per km of sidewalk, otherwise it is tier 2; (D) if a reliable source says the plant is rare in this region, or that wild plants rarely bear the harvest, only planted sightings count. iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.

Effort: what this means

1 Grab & eat · 2 Quick kitchen prep (under about 30 minutes) · 3 Real work (hours, or cooking needed for safety) · 4 Project (days or equipment). Scored on the simplest worthwhile use; each plant’s page says why.

Sources

28 sources, each linked to the original.

  1. C&O Canal NHP Superintendent’s Compendium National Park ServiceBacks up: picking rules
  2. Rock Creek Park Superintendent’s Compendium National Park ServiceBacks up: picking rules
  3. George Washington Memorial Parkway Superintendent’s Compendium National Park ServiceBacks up: picking rules
  4. Park Rules and Regulations Governing Use of Commission Parks and Recreation Facilities in Prince George’s and Montgomery Counties (effective July 1, 2025) Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning CommissionBacks up: picking rules
  5. 4VAC5-30-50. Flowers, plants, minerals, etc. Virginia Law Library (law.lis.virginia.gov)Backs up: picking rules
  6. DDOT Public Space Tree Permit District Department of TransportationBacks up: picking rules
  7. iNaturalist research-grade observations of Gymnocladus dioicus within 25 km of downtown DC iNaturalistBacks up: findability
  8. Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Washington-Baltimore Area, Part I (Shetler & Orli, 2000) Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of BotanyBacks up: habitat
  9. DC street-tree inventory (DDOT Urban Forestry, UFA Street Trees layer): living trees by species, queried 2026-10-05 (2,261 Gymnocladus dioicus, 454 'Espresso', 57 'Stately Manor') District of Columbia (DDOT Urban Forestry Division, via DC GIS)Backs up: habitat, findability
  10. Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch (Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora) Virginia Botanical Associates (Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora)Backs up: habitat, findability, native or invasive status
  11. DC street-tree inventory (DDOT Urban Forestry, UFA Street Trees layer): living Kentucky coffeetrees by ward, queried 2026-10-13 District of Columbia (DDOT Urban Forestry Division, via DC GIS)Backs up: habitat, findability
  12. USDA PLANTS Database: Gymnocladus dioicus (GYDI), native status USDA NRCSBacks up: native or invasive status
  13. Virginia Invasive Plant Species List (effective date: September 2024) Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural HeritageBacks up: native or invasive status
  14. Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant Law and Regulations (Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant List, updated January 2026; additions effective July 15, 2026; 'Next Plants To Be Assessed' 2026-2027) Maryland Department of Agriculture, Plant Protection & Weed ManagementBacks up: native or invasive status
  15. Non-Native Invasive Terrestrial Plant Species in the State of Maryland (updates approved through the April 18, 2024 MISC meeting) Maryland Invasive Species CouncilBacks up: native or invasive status
  16. Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas, Field Guide (Swearingen & Fulton, 2022; successor to the NPS/USFWS 5th ed., 2017) Mid-Atlantic Invasive Plant Council / Passiflora Press (hosted by Bugwood/Mid-Atlantic Invaders Tool)Backs up: native or invasive status
  17. Invasive Plants in the District DC Department of Energy & EnvironmentBacks up: native or invasive status
  18. Kentucky coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioicus) The Morton ArboretumBacks up: safety
  19. Gymnocladus dioicus (Kentucky Coffeetree) fact sheet University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service (Horticulture)Backs up: safety
  20. Do You Know About Poisonous Plants? (common house and garden plants) Cincinnati Children’s Drug and Poison Information CenterBacks up: safety
  21. Notes on 'coffee' from the Kentucky coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioicus, Fabaceae) (Spaeth & Thieret, Sida 21(1): 345-356, 2004) Sida, Contributions to Botany (Botanical Research Institute of Texas), via BioStor/Internet ArchiveBacks up: safety
  22. Kentucky Coffeetree, Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch (Plant Guide) USDA NRCSBacks up: safety, description, habitat, season
  23. Gymnocladus dioicus (Coffeetree, Kentucky Coffeetree, Kentucky Coffee Tree) NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxBacks up: safety, description, uses, habitat, season, native or invasive status, findability, keeping
  24. FOR-8 Kentucky Coffeetree: The State Tree of Kentucky (revised 1993) University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension ServiceBacks up: safety, description, uses, season
  25. Gymnocladus dioicus (Kentucky Coffeetree, Stump Tree) Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower CenterBacks up: safety, habitat
  26. Gleditsia triacanthos (Honeylocust) NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxBacks up: safety, safety details
  27. Kentucky coffeetree research-grade fruiting observations within 25 km of DC, by month iNaturalistBacks up: season
  28. Kentucky coffeetree verifiable fruiting observations within 25 km of DC (list) iNaturalistBacks up: season