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A Forager’s Year

Not recommended. Not on the calendar. Read the safety warning first. Ways to use it, keeping and nutrition are left off this page.

drawing to come

Not on the calendar

Swamp milkweed

Asclepias incarnata

marsh milkweed, rose milkweed

Fruit very young seed pods (3-4 cm), cooked

Find
Common in the right habitat
Effort
Real work
ID risk
Careful
Origin
native
Safety marks
  • Deadly lookalike
  • Toxic lookalike
  • Toxic parts
  • Cook first

Season

  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec

in season peak

Picking: The rules are unclear. Ask the park. See Where you may pick.

What these mean

Find

1 Everywhere · 2 Common in the right habitat · 3 Patchy · 4 Elusive. This is about how much there is, not whether you may pick it. It is based on iNaturalist sightings within 25 km (about 15 miles) of downtown DC, counted on October 3, 2026. The four rules that each plant’s “Find” reason refers to: (A) the estimate is the confirmed sightings, plus the unconfirmed ones (scaled down where the plant has lookalikes in its genus), plus the sightings marked as planted; (B) the tier by estimate: 1,500 or more is tier 1, 250–1,499 tier 2, 50–249 tier 3, under 50 tier 4; (C) tier 1, Everywhere, also needs a source saying the plant is common in lawns, sidewalks, yards or gardens, vacant lots or towns, or at least one DC street tree of it per km of sidewalk, otherwise it is tier 2; (D) if a reliable source says the plant is rare in this region, or that wild plants rarely bear the harvest, only planted sightings count. iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.

Effort

1 Grab & eat · 2 Quick kitchen prep (under about 30 minutes) · 3 Real work (hours, or cooking needed for safety) · 4 Project (days or equipment). Scored on the simplest worthwhile use; each plant’s page says why.

ID risk

How hard it is to harvest safely. Beginner: no dangerous lookalike, and the edible part is not easily confused with a toxic part. Careful: a toxic lookalike, or toxic parts that end up in the harvest unless removed (for example elderberry stems, unripe ground cherries), or other parts of the plant rated medium-or-higher toxicity, with reliable features to separate them. Expert only: a potentially deadly lookalike that is hard to separate, or (for not-recommended harvests like pokeweed) a plant whose safe preparation can’t be guaranteed. Toxic parts that are obviously separate and thrown away anyway (pits, seeds, skins) don’t raise it; the Toxic parts mark carries that warning.

Native or not, and the invader stars

Origin is where the plant comes from: native, non-native, or mixed (the harvest covers both). The stars rate plants on invasive plant lists: ★★★ Virginia DCR “High” or Maryland prohibited invasive · ★★ Virginia “Medium” · ★ Virginia “Low” · ☆ listed only by the Maryland Invasive Species Council or the Mid-Atlantic Plant Invaders guide (advisory) · no stars: native or not listed.

Safety marks and flags

Deadly lookalike / Toxic lookalike: a cited source names a lookalike of that danger, recorded near DC (an iNaturalist sighting within 25 km, a DC street tree, or a Smithsonian listing for DC) and looking like the part you eat. Other lookalikes are still listed, marked “not recorded near DC” or as not looking like the part you eat. Deadly means a source says eating it may be fatal or calls it deadly, or NC State rates it high severity with life-threatening symptoms (sources sometimes disagree; for example Virginia creeper). Each plant’s Lookalikes list says how to tell them apart; “harmless (may be edible)” lookalikes are listed so you know a mix-up isn’t dangerous. Cook first: cooking is needed for safety (for daylilies it is a precaution, not a sourced requirement). Eat in moderation: a source says to limit quantity or frequency (for example oxalates in sorrels and dock, ginkgotoxin, safrole). Spray risk: a source says the plant is commonly treated with herbicide in parks or lawns (invasive control, lawn weeds) or, for ginkgo, sprayed to stop fruiting. Contamination: a source says the plant concentrates pollutants. Each plant’s Safety flags list gives the details and sources.

Seasons

Start, peak and end are given in thirds of a month: early, mid or late. A plant counts as in season for a month if it is in season at any point in that month. Some greens and roots have a second window, in spring or fall; their page shows each window. A season that runs across New Year is shown as one window.

Safety

Not recommended. All parts of swamp milkweed contain cardiac glycosides: NC State lists the flowers, fruits, leaves, roots, seeds and stems as poisonous (low severity), causing stomach upset, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, weakness, lethargy and confusion if eaten in quantity. The National Capital Poison Center says all parts of milkweed plants contain toxic cardiac glycosides, that severe poisoning can cause seizures, heart rhythm changes and a severely slowed heart rate, and that eating milkweed, even when it is cooked or boiled, is not recommended and is potentially very dangerous. USDA NRCS says swamp milkweed has relatively low levels of these toxins, but warns that milkweed may be toxic when taken internally without sufficient preparation. Never eat the pods raw: South Dakota State University and the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center say young pods are edible only cooked, started in cold water and brought to a boil to draw off the milky latex. Eat The Weeds says it would not try any milkweed with skinny leaves, and to discard any milkweed that is still bitter after cooking. Deadly lookalike: dogbane (Indian hemp, Apocynum cannabinum), which NC State rates highly toxic and which also has milky sap and opposite leaves. Dogbane has a smooth red stem that branches near the top, small greenish-white bell-shaped flowers, and slender pods 4 to 8 inches long that hang down (NC State); swamp milkweed has clusters of pink to rose-purple flowers and slender pods that point upward (NC State; South Dakota State University; Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center). Eat The Weeds says a milkweed stalk is hollow and a dogbane stalk is solid. Sources disagree on leaf hairs: USDA NRCS says the variety pulchra, which most plants here fit (Smithsonian checklist), has densely hairy stems and leaves, while NC State and the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center describe hairless leaves, so don’t rely on them. The Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center says the pods look like those of other milkweeds, which carry the same poison warning (National Capital Poison Center); common milkweed’s pods are plump (Ohio State University Extension). Purple loosestrife, an invasive plant of the same wet places, is named as a lookalike of swamp milkweed (Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas), but it bears spikes of flowers and tiny-seeded capsules, not pods (NC State). The milky sap can cause skin rashes and eye irritation (NC State); the National Capital Poison Center advises wearing gloves when handling milkweed.

Lookalikes

Safety flags

Safety marks and flags: what this means

Deadly lookalike / Toxic lookalike: a cited source names a lookalike of that danger, recorded near DC (an iNaturalist sighting within 25 km, a DC street tree, or a Smithsonian listing for DC) and looking like the part you eat. Other lookalikes are still listed, marked “not recorded near DC” or as not looking like the part you eat. Deadly means a source says eating it may be fatal or calls it deadly, or NC State rates it high severity with life-threatening symptoms (sources sometimes disagree; for example Virginia creeper). Each plant’s Lookalikes list says how to tell them apart; “harmless (may be edible)” lookalikes are listed so you know a mix-up isn’t dangerous. Cook first: cooking is needed for safety (for daylilies it is a precaution, not a sourced requirement). Eat in moderation: a source says to limit quantity or frequency (for example oxalates in sorrels and dock, ginkgotoxin, safrole). Spray risk: a source says the plant is commonly treated with herbicide in parks or lawns (invasive control, lawn weeds) or, for ginkgo, sprayed to stop fruiting. Contamination: a source says the plant concentrates pollutants. Each plant’s Safety flags list gives the details and sources.

ID risk
Careful
Why
Deadly lookalike dogbane: its flowers are small greenish-white bells and its slender pods, 4 to 8 inches long, hang down, while swamp milkweed has pink to rose-purple flower clusters and slender pods that point upward (NC State; South Dakota State University; Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center). Other milkweeds' pods look alike and carry the same poison warning (Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center; National Capital Poison Center). The plant itself is rated poisonous (NC State), and it is not recommended for eating here.
Handling hazards
Irritant sap/pulp (moderate)
Soil risk
low
ID risk: what this means

How hard it is to harvest safely. Beginner: no dangerous lookalike, and the edible part is not easily confused with a toxic part. Careful: a toxic lookalike, or toxic parts that end up in the harvest unless removed (for example elderberry stems, unripe ground cherries), or other parts of the plant rated medium-or-higher toxicity, with reliable features to separate them. Expert only: a potentially deadly lookalike that is hard to separate, or (for not-recommended harvests like pokeweed) a plant whose safe preparation can’t be guaranteed. Toxic parts that are obviously separate and thrown away anyway (pits, seeds, skins) don’t raise it; the Toxic parts mark carries that warning.

Handling hazards: what this means

Stings, thorns, irritating or phototoxic sap, staining hulls and spiny husks, with a severity: minor = brief discomfort; moderate = rash or blisters lasting days; serious = burns, scarring or medical care possible.

Soil risk: what this means

Based on the part you eat, following the urban-soil lead guidance on the Field safety page: higher for greens, shoots and roots; moderate for flowers; low for fruit, nuts and sap.

Field safety for every outing (poison ivy, ticks, soil, and more)

What it looks like

A native perennial of wet ground in the dogbane family, 1 to 5 feet tall, with narrow, lance-shaped leaves 3 to 6 inches long in opposite pairs and clusters (umbels) of small, fragrant pink to rose-purple flowers from July to September (NC State; USDA NRCS). Like other milkweeds it has milky sap, though less of it than most (Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center; USDA NRCS). The pods are slender and smooth, taper at both ends and point upward, often in pairs; grown pods are about 2 to 4 inches long, green at first and turning brown before they split to release seeds with silky hairs (USDA NRCS; NC State; Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center; South Dakota State University). Only very young pods, 3 to 4 cm (about 1 1/2 inches) long, are gathered for cooking (Plants For A Future). Fernald and Kinsey’s Edible Wild Plants of Eastern North America (1958) reports that the authors tried the young pods of swamp milkweed and wrote: "These have not proved attractive."

When to pick

Starts
late Jul
Peak
early Aug–late Aug
Ends
mid Sep

Swamp milkweed flowers from July to September (NC State); USDA NRCS says the plant produces its pods in fall, and South Dakota State University gives June to September for the pods there. Near DC, iNaturalist flowering sightings run from early June to early September, most in late July and August, and the first sightings with pods come in late July. Only very young pods, 3 to 4 cm long, are used (Plants For A Future), so the season follows the flowers by a few weeks.

How the dates were worked out

Every start, peak and end was re-checked in October 2026. “Sourced” means a source opened during the check states that timing for the DC or Mid-Atlantic area. “Estimated” means no source states it exactly; the reason, the evidence and the source links are under “How the dates were worked out” on each plant’s page. Peaks are often estimated, because few sources name a peak. iNaturalist evidence means research-grade sightings near DC, by month, of the plant at that stage (for example, in fruit). iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.

Season basis: estimated: start, peak, end

Start

estimated: No DC-area source dates young pods. The first local pod sightings and the flowering peak both fall in late July; only two records, so the start is an estimate.

Peak

estimated: Young pods follow the flowers; with flowering heaviest from late July through August, August is when most pods are still small.

End

estimated: New pods stop forming soon after flowering ends in early September; pods seen later are maturing. Mid September is the last time very young pods can be expected.

Evidence

start: iNaturalist, 25 km, research grade, fruiting annotation by week: wk30 1, wk31 1, wk33 1, wk36 1, wk37 1, wk38 3, wk41 1 (earliest Jul 27, 2024, Arlington; Aug 1, 2022, Tilden Woods). Flowering by week: wk23 1 ... wk30 13 (peak), wk31-34 6-8, wk35 2, wk36 1. NC State: 'Flower blooms from July to September.' | peak: iNaturalist flowering sightings peak in week 30 (late July) and stay high through week 34 (late August). Plants For A Future: 'Young seed pods, harvested when 3 - 4 cm long - cooked.' | end: iNaturalist flowering ends in weeks 35-36 (late Aug to early Sep). USDA NRCS Plant Guide: 'In the fall, the plant produces slender green seed pods'. USDA NRCS fact sheet (Beltsville, MD): 'In the fall, blooms give way to distinctive' ... 'five-inch seed pods that are green when unripe'. South Dakota State University: 'The swamp milkweed produces a follicle or pod in June-September.' Fruiting sightings in mid to late September (weeks 37-38) show grown pods.

Where to look

Marshes, pond edges, stream banks and wet meadows, and planted in rain gardens (most records at Huntley Meadows Park in Fairfax County, Kenilworth Park & Aquatic Gardens, Dyke Marsh, Lake Artemesia and Suitland Bog, all of which bar picking); the C&O Canal and Virginia state parks may or may not count immature pods as allowed 'fruits' (ask the park first), so the sure option is young pods from private land with the owner’s permission.

Habitats
old fields & meadows, floodplain & stream-valley forest, wetlands, marshes & pond edges
Habitats: what this means

Listed where the plant’s own sources place it in that habitat. “Disturbed ground & waste places” means a cited source places it on disturbed areas, sites, soil or ground, on waste places or waste ground, on construction or abandoned building sites (old home sites count), on rubble or in strip mines. When the source gives examples of the disturbed places, at least one example must be of that kind. Examples that do not count: natural or forestry disturbance (treefall gaps, fire, windthrow, flood scour, old riverbanks and creeks, clear-cuts); roadsides, railroads and rights-of-way; and abandoned fields, pastures and farmland, which are “Old fields & meadows”. “Vacant lots” only where a source says vacant or empty lots.

Most-logged places

None of the most-logged places allows picking.

No picking here (5 places)
  • Huntley Meadows Park

    164 sightings · Legal to pick: no · see them on iNaturalist

    Look but don’t pick: Fairfax County parks ban removing any plant part without written permission.

  • Kenilworth Park & Aquatic Gardens

    80 sightings · Legal to pick: no · see them on iNaturalist

    Look but don’t pick: Kenilworth is a NACE site that is not on the compendium’s list of gathering areas.

  • Dyke Marsh Wildlife Preserve

    31 sightings · Legal to pick: no · see them on iNaturalist

    Look but don’t pick: GW Memorial Parkway sites (incl. Great Falls VA, Theodore Roosevelt Island, Dyke Marsh) designate nothing for gathering.

  • Lake Artemesia Natural Area

    19 sightings · Legal to pick: no · see them on iNaturalist

    Look but don’t pick: Montgomery/Prince George’s parks (M-NCPPC) ban harvesting vegetation without a permit.

  • Suitland Bog Natural Area

    19 sightings · Legal to pick: no · see them on iNaturalist

    Look but don’t pick: Montgomery/Prince George’s parks (M-NCPPC) ban harvesting vegetation without a permit.

Most-logged places: what this means

The places with the most research-grade iNaturalist sightings within 25 km of downtown DC (re-counted in October 2026 over every named place, campuses, condominiums and private grounds included), each marked legal to pick or not. A sighting inside several named places counts once, for the smallest of them, but a sighting inside a National Park Service park never counts for a private, campus or unchecked place. iNaturalist shows where people walk and log plants, not true abundance. Private campuses, condominiums, museums, estates and utility land (Pepco’s power-line land near Sligo Creek) are marked “no” (pick only with the owner’s permission); public university campuses, city parks and other places whose picking rules were not checked (county stormwater land, the U.S. Capitol Grounds, Greenbelt’s North Woods, federal facilities such as the National Zoo) are “unknown”. A place needs at least 2 sightings, so plants with very few sightings have no places. At-risk plants (butternut, nannyberry, American chestnut, ramps, riverbank goldenrod) get places like every other plant; each page says why the plant is at risk and gives any advice its sources give. For some places, mostly Rock Creek Park, the iNaturalist map shows more sightings than the count here, because a map link cannot leave out exactly the sightings credited to another place. iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.

Native or not

Origin
native
Native range
central and eastern United States and southeastern Canada
Virginia invasive rank
not listed
Maryland invasive status
not listed
Native or not, and the invader stars: what this means

Origin is where the plant comes from: native, non-native, or mixed (the harvest covers both). The stars rate plants on invasive plant lists: ★★★ Virginia DCR “High” or Maryland prohibited invasive · ★★ Virginia “Medium” · ★ Virginia “Low” · ☆ listed only by the Maryland Invasive Species Council or the Mid-Atlantic Plant Invaders guide (advisory) · no stars: native or not listed.

Virginia DCR, Virginia Invasive Plant Species List (effective September 2024), verbatim: "Under the DCR Invasive Species Assessment Protocol, approved by the Virginia Invasive Species Working Group, January 2024, species were ranked as exhibiting high, medium or low levels of invasiveness based on their threat to natural communities and native species. Invasiveness rank is higher for species that: • Alter ecosystem processes, such as succession, hydrology or fire regime. • Are capable of invading undisturbed natural communities. • Cause substantial impacts on rare or vulnerable species or natural communities or high-quality examples of more common communities. • Are found widely distributed and generally abundant where present. • Disperse readily to new areas. • Are difficult to control." The list also states: "The list is for educational purposes only and has no regulatory authority."

Maryland Department of Agriculture, Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant Law and Regulations page, verbatim: "Plants on the Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant List may not be added to stock after the effective date and should not be sold after their phase-out period ends."

No official DC invasive plant list was found.

How the ratings were set

Find
Common in the right habitat Estimate 952 = 779 research-grade iNaturalist sightings within 25 km + 159 needs-ID sightings counted at 17% (in the October 5 genus count, 779 of the 4,597 research-grade Asclepias sightings here were swamp milkweed) + 146 'cultivated' (planted) sightings (rule A); that is tier 2 by count (rule B). Rule D does not apply: the Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora says the variety incarnata is "rare in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain", but the Smithsonian checklist says "Most plants in local flora fit characters of var. pulchra", which the same atlas calls "Frequent in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont". Final tier 2.
Effort
Real work
Find: what this means

1 Everywhere · 2 Common in the right habitat · 3 Patchy · 4 Elusive. This is about how much there is, not whether you may pick it. It is based on iNaturalist sightings within 25 km (about 15 miles) of downtown DC, counted on October 3, 2026. The four rules that each plant’s “Find” reason refers to: (A) the estimate is the confirmed sightings, plus the unconfirmed ones (scaled down where the plant has lookalikes in its genus), plus the sightings marked as planted; (B) the tier by estimate: 1,500 or more is tier 1, 250–1,499 tier 2, 50–249 tier 3, under 50 tier 4; (C) tier 1, Everywhere, also needs a source saying the plant is common in lawns, sidewalks, yards or gardens, vacant lots or towns, or at least one DC street tree of it per km of sidewalk, otherwise it is tier 2; (D) if a reliable source says the plant is rare in this region, or that wild plants rarely bear the harvest, only planted sightings count. iNaturalist is a website and phone app where people post photos of the plants and animals they see. A sighting is “research grade” when other users have confirmed what it is; “needs ID” sightings are not confirmed yet, and “cultivated” ones are marked as planted.

Effort: what this means

1 Grab & eat · 2 Quick kitchen prep (under about 30 minutes) · 3 Real work (hours, or cooking needed for safety) · 4 Project (days or equipment). Scored on the simplest worthwhile use; each plant’s page says why.

Sources

29 sources, each linked to the original.

  1. Rock Creek Park Superintendent’s Compendium National Park ServiceBacks up: picking rules
  2. 4VAC5-30-50. Flowers, plants, minerals, etc. Virginia Law Library (law.lis.virginia.gov)Backs up: picking rules
  3. C&O Canal NHP Superintendent’s Compendium, effective September 11, 2026 National Park Service, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal NHPBacks up: picking rules
  4. 36 CFR 2.1 - Preservation of natural, cultural and archeological resources Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School (text of federal regulation)Backs up: picking rules
  5. Asclepias incarnata (Plants For A Future database) Plants For A FutureBacks up: description, season
  6. iNaturalist research-grade observations of Asclepias incarnata within 25 km of downtown DC iNaturalistBacks up: findability
  7. Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Washington-Baltimore Area, Part I (Shetler & Orli, 2000) Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of BotanyBacks up: habitat, findability, safety
  8. Asclepias incarnata L. var. pulchra (Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora) Virginia Botanical Associates (Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora)Backs up: habitat, findability
  9. Asclepias incarnata L. var. incarnata (Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora) Virginia Botanical Associates (Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora)Backs up: habitat, findability
  10. Plant Fact Sheet for Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) (Kirk and Belt, 2011; Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center, Beltsville, MD) USDA NRCSBacks up: habitat, season
  11. USDA PLANTS Database: Asclepias incarnata (ASIN), native status USDA NRCSBacks up: native or invasive status
  12. Virginia Invasive Plant Species List (effective date: September 2024) Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural HeritageBacks up: native or invasive status
  13. Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant Law and Regulations (Maryland Prohibited Invasive Plant List, updated January 2026; additions effective July 15, 2026; 'Next Plants To Be Assessed' 2026-2027) Maryland Department of Agriculture, Plant Protection & Weed ManagementBacks up: native or invasive status
  14. Non-Native Invasive Terrestrial Plant Species in the State of Maryland (updates approved through the April 18, 2024 MISC meeting) Maryland Invasive Species CouncilBacks up: native or invasive status
  15. Invasive Plants in the District DC Department of Energy & EnvironmentBacks up: native or invasive status
  16. Milkweed plants can cause serious poisoning National Capital Poison Center (Poison Control)Backs up: safety
  17. Asclepias: Some like it hot, some like it cold (Green Deane) Eat The WeedsBacks up: safety
  18. Apocynum cannabinum (Dogbane, Indian Hemp) NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxBacks up: safety
  19. Common Milkweed and its Doppelganger (C. Brown, Jun 9, 2022) Ohio State University Extension, Buckeye Yard & Garden onLineBacks up: safety
  20. Lythrum salicaria (Purple Loosestrife) NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxBacks up: safety
  21. Asclepias incarnata (swamp milkweed) Go Botany, Native Plant TrustBacks up: safety
  22. Plant Guide for Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) (R. J. Ugiansky, August 2025) USDA NRCSBacks up: safety, description, habitat, season, picking rules
  23. Asclepias incarnata (Marsh Milkweed, Swamp Butterfly Weed, Swamp Milkweed) NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxBacks up: safety, description, habitat, season, picking rules, native or invasive status, keeping
  24. Asclepias incarnata (Swamp Milkweed, Pink Milkweed) Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower CenterBacks up: safety, description, uses, habitat
  25. Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas, Field Guide (Swearingen & Fulton, 2022), purple loosestrife, p. 75 Mid-Atlantic Invasive Plant Council / Passiflora Press (hosted by Bugwood/Mid-Atlantic Invaders Tool)Backs up: safety, native or invasive status
  26. iNaturalist research-grade observations of Asclepias incarnata within 25 km of Washington, DC, by month (fruiting) iNaturalistBacks up: season
  27. iNaturalist research-grade observations of Asclepias incarnata within 25 km of Washington, DC, by week (flowering) iNaturalistBacks up: season
  28. iNaturalist research-grade observations of Asclepias incarnata within 25 km of Washington, DC, by week (fruiting) iNaturalistBacks up: season
  29. Asclepiadaceae: Asclepias incarnata (R. Neil Reese) South Dakota State University, Open PRAIRIE (Native Plant series)Backs up: uses, safety, description, season